Digitized by tlie Internet Arcliive in 2013 littp://arcliive.org/details/soilsurveywasliinOOmatt 1 aryland 99 9, No. 17 iMued October, 1962 I L U ¥ Y Washingtoii County Maryland OUR SOIL * OUR STRENOTH NOTE TO THE REAPER The paper in this volume is brittle or the inner margins are extremely narrow. We have bound or rebound the volume utilizing the best means possible. PLEASE HANDLE WITH CARE General Bookbinding Co.. Chesterland, Ohio UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Soil Conservation Service In cooperation with MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION HOW TO USE THE SOIL SURVEY REPORT THIS SOIL SURVEY of Washington County will help farmers in planning the kind of managenient that will protect their soils and provide good yields; it will assist engineers in selecting sites for roads, buildings, ponds, drainage and irrigation installations, and other struc- tures; it will assist those interested in establishing or improving woodland; and it will add to our fund of knowledge about soils. In making this survey, soil scientists examined the soils and noted features that would affect the suitability of the soils for farming, woodland management, en- gineering, residential developments, and other uses. The scientists plotted the boimdaries of the different soils on aerial photographs. Then cartographers pre- pared from the photographs the detailed soil maps that are at the back of this re- f)ort. Fields, woods, roads, and other andmarks can be seen on the maps. Locating the soils On the soil map, the boundaries of each soil are outlined and each kind of soil is identified by a symbol. Use the index to map sheets to find out which sheet of the soil map shows the area you wish to study. The map legend tells which soil each sym- bol stands for. All areas marked with the same symbol are the same kind of soil, wherever they appear on the map. Sup- pose, for example, an area located on the map has the symbol WbB2. The legend shows that this symbol identifies Waynes- boro gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. This soil and all others mapped in the county are described in the section "Description of the Soils." Finding information Different parts of the report will be of special interest to different groups of readers. Farmers and those who work with farmers can get information about the soils from the section "Description of the Soils," and suggestions for agricultural management from the section "Capability Groups of Soils." From the section "Esti- mated Yields," they can find what yields can be expected from each kind of soil under a specified level of management. Those interested in woodland manage- ment will find suggestions in the section "Use of Soils for Woodland." Engineers can refer to the subsection "Engineering Uses of Soils" in which are summarized characteristics that affect the suitability of the soils for highways, sewage disposal systems, and other en- gineering purposes. County and community planners will find this report helpful in selecting sites for industrial and residential develop- ments and sites to be reserved for public recreation. So far as practical, areas not well suited to agriculture should be select- ed for these purposes. Information in the following subsections will be useful: "Capabihty Groups of Soils"; "Use of Soils for Woodland" ; "Engineering Uses of Soils"; and "Use of the Soil Survey in Community Planning." Persons interested in science will find in the section "Formation and Classifica- tion of Soils" information about the par- ent material of the soils and the processes that transformed them into soils. They will also find a discussion of the classifica- tion of the soils of the county into great soil groups. Terms that are likely to be unfamiliar to some readers are defined in the Glos- sary. The "Guide to Mapping Units," which is at the end of the report with the soil maps, shows the reader where in the report to find information about each particular soil. ★ ★ ★ ★ This soil survey was made as a part of the technical assistance furnished by the Soil Conservation Service to^ the Wash- ington County Soil Conservation District. The soils in the county were mapped during the period 1940 to 1959, and field- work for the survey was reviewed and revised in 1959. Unless otherwise indicat- ed, all statements in the report refer to conditions at the time fieldwork was in progress. U.S. 60VERNMENT PRINTINS OFFICE: 1962 For ssAa by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Qovemment Printing OflSce Washington 25, D.C. m Nc Contents PaKc General naluro of (he area I Local ion anil extent 1 I'liysioKrnpliN' and relief 1 Drainage 2 Settlement and population 2 Transportation and markets 2 Agriculture . 2 Crops 2 Pastures 2 Livestock and poultry '-i Types and sizes of farms '-i Farm tenure 3 Farm power and mechanical equipment 3 How the soil survey was made 3 Soils and their relation to topography 5 General soil areas 5 Well-drained, stony and very stony soils 5 1. Dekalb-Lcetonia-Edgemont-Laidig association-. 5 2. Dekalb- Hightield association 5 3. Hiifhfield- Fauquier association 5 Well to excessively drained, shallow, medium-textured soils 5 4. Berks- Monte vallo association 7 5. Hazel-Chandler association 7 6. Talladega association 7 7. Litz-Teas association 7 8. Calvin-Berks-Litz-Montevallo association 7 Moderately well to well drained, deep, medium-textured soils 7 9. Holston-Monongahela-Huntington-Lindside asso- ciation 7 Well-drained, deep, medium-textured soils 8 10. Braddock-Thurmont-Edgemont-Laidig associa- tion 8 11. Waynesboro association 8 12. Fauquier-Myersville-Highfield association 8 13. Murrill association 8 14. Hagerstown-Duffield-Frankstown association 8 Description of the soils 9 Ashton series 13 Atkins series 14 Benevola series 14 Berks series 15 Braddock series 16 Brinkerton series 17 Buchanan series 17 Calvin series 18 Chandler series 20 Chewacla series 20 Congaree series 21 Cory don series 21 Dekalb series 22 Duffield series 23 Dunniore series 24 Dunning series 24 Edgemont series 25 Elliber series 26 Eroded land 26 Etowah series 27 Fauqiuer series 28 Frankstown series 29 Frankstown and Duffield soils 29 Frederick series 30 Hagerstown series 31 Hazel series 33 Highfield series 34 Holston series 34 De.'cription of the soils — Continued Hunt inuton series 35 Laidig series 30 Landisburg .series 37 LargcMit series 38 Leadval(! .series 38 Leetonia series 3S Lehew series 39 Lindside series 39 Litz series . 10 Melvin series II Monongahela series 41 Montevallo series _ 42 Murrill series 43 Myersville series 44 Philo series 45 Poi)e series 46 Rocky eroded land 46 Rohrersville series 46 Stony land 47 Talladega series T 47 Teas series . 48 Terrace escarpments 48 Thurmont series 48 Trego series >- 49 Tyler series 49 Warners series 50 Waynesboro series 50 Wehadkee series 51 Westmoreland series 52 Estimated yields 52 Use and management of soils 62 Capability groups of soils 62 Management by capability units 64 Use of soils for woodland 81 Relationships of soils and forests 82 Reforestation 82 Soil groups for forestry 82 Engineering uses of soils 84 Engineering descriptions and physical properties 84 Soil interpretations for engineering 84 Soil groups for irrigation 85 Soil groups for sewage disposal 113 Use of the soil survey in community planning 121 Formation and classification of soils 122 Factors of soil formation 122 Parent material 122 Climate 122 Living organisms 123 Topography 123 Time 1 124 Mor])hology of soils 124 Classification of soils by great soil groups 125 Sols Bruns Acides 125 Podzols 125 (iray-Brown Podzolic soils 125 Red- Yellow Podzolic soils 126 Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils 126 Planosols 126 Humic Gley soils 126 Low-IIumic Gley soils 126 Lithosols 127 Alluvial soils 127 Literature cited 127 Glossary 127 Guide to mapping units 130 Series 1959, No. 17 Issued October 1962 SOIL SURVEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND SURVEY BY BOYD D. (JILBEKT, MEIIL F. HERSHBE11(;ER, R. S. LONG. EARLE D. MATTHEWS, RALPH E. RUBLE, AND GLENN V. WILSON, SOU. SCIENTISTS, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE REPORT BY EARLE D. MATTHEWS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN COOPERATION WITH MARYLAND AGRK ULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION General Nature of the Area AA'asliiiiotoii leads the (■ounties of JNIarvlaiid in fruit l)i'<)(luction. Jt ranks fifth in the kState in dairviu<; and sixth in livestock other than dairyina'. In 1954, Wasli- inoton Comity ranked fourth in the State in value oF all farm products sold (6')/ It has a well-balanced and prosperous agricultural economy. There may he many reasons for this, but one of the most important is the large proportion of highly pi'odnctive and well-managed soils. The county is well suited to intensive agriculture. More than 6() [)ercent of the acreage — about 178,0()() acres — is suitable for regular cultivation. About 15 percent — i5,- 000 acres — is more limited but is suitable for some cul- tivation. About 12 percent — 35,000 acres — is not well suited to crops but is good for pasture. The remaining 13 percent of the county is mostly rough, very rocky or stony, and in some places severely eroded. Much of it is mountainous and is suitable for no more intensive use than forestry. About 1 percent of the county is so steep and stony that even forest management would be uneco- nomical and impractical. Washington County is in the west-central part of Maryland. Its climate is favorable for general farming, li^'estock and dairy farming, and fruit production. Its broad limestone valley is one of the best agricultural areas in the East. However, there has been some trend toward suburban development, particularly around Ha- gerstown, the county seat and lai'gest city, where con- siderable industrialization has occurred. Location and Extent Washington County (fig. 1) is in the narrowest part of the western arm of the State, where it is only a very few miles across Maryland from Pennsylvania "to West Virginia. The county is narrow in the middle, somewhat enlarged to the west, and greatly enlarged to the east. It is bounded on the west by Allegany County, on the east by Frederick County, on the north by Pennsylvania along the Mason-Dixon line, and on the south by the Potomac River. To the south, across the Potomac. Wash- ington County faces parts of both Virginia and West ^Numbers in italics in pareiitlieses refer to Literature Cited, page 127. Figure 1. — Location of Washington County in Maryland. Virginia. The land area is about -IGi square miles, or 295,680 acres. This is the eighth lai'gest county in the State, and it also ranks eighth in the proportion of land occupied by farms (0). Physiography and Relief Washington County includes part of the western slope of the Blue Ridge; the broad Hagerstown Valley, which is part of the Great Limestone Valley system of the Eastern States; and a part of the Appalachian ^lountain system. The Hagerstown Valley forms the eastern and central parts of the county, between the Blue Ridge and the Appalachian ridges and valleys. The highest point in the county is the crest of Quirauk Mountain of the Blue Ridge, which has an elevation of 2,1-15 feet. The Blue Ridge is steep. The Appalachian part of the coun- ty is a series of narrow ridges, which extend in a gen- eral northeast -southwest direction and are separated by narrow valleys. In the Appalachian area there are three outstanding ridges: Bear Pond Mountain at 2,000 feet, Fairview Mountain at 1,700 feet, and Sideling Hill at 1,600 feet. The Hagerstown Valley occupies more than half of the county. It ranges in elevation from about 300 feet near the Potomac River to about (iOO feet at the Pennsylvania line. The valley tloor is nearly level to rolling, with some local hills and ridges. 1 2 SOIL SUIUKY SKKIKS 1959. NO. 17 Along the streams :uul rivers of the county, there are large areas of alluvial terraces and flood plains. The flood plains are nearly level and lie just above the normal stages of the streams. The terraces are older flood plains, now considerably above the streams and rivers. Drainage Washington County is entirely within the drainage sys- tem of the l^otoniac Kiver and is traversed by a number of streams that flow generally southward. The most im- l)ortant of these are Israel Creek, Antietam Creek, Little Antietam Creek, JMarsh Run, Downey Branch, Lanes Run, Conococheague Creek and its tributaries. Licking C^reek, Tonoloway Creek, and Little Tonoloway Creek. Another important stream is Sideling Hill Creek, which forms the boundary with Allegany ("ounty. From the standpoint of both soils and land conditions, Washington County is genei-ally well drained. Some poorly drained and very ])0()rly drained areas exist, but they are small and generally unim])ortant. There are no true swamps or marshes in the county. Settlement and Population Agriculture The original settlers of Washington County came mostly from other parts of the colonies and were of English, Scotch, and Swiss descent. There were also some settlers from Alsace and other jiarts of northern France. Later immigrants included pei'sons of (lerman, Dutch, and Scotch-Irish nationality. Some farms were established in the county by 1735. The county, which at first included all of western jNIaryland, was created in 1776. By 1800, the county was comi)arati vely well settled, with connnercial centers at Hagerstown and Williamsport. Early industry included many mills along Conococheague Creek and Antietam Creek. In 1790, the population of Washington (^ountv was 15,822. By 1820, it was 23,720. In 1910. the total popvda- tion of the county was 49,(517 of which two-thirds was rural. The population of the county in 1950 was 78,880. The estimated population of the county in 1955 was 84,181. The official census of 1900 should" show an addi- tional increase. The population of Hagerstown in 1950 was 36,260. Transportation and Markets Washington County has excellent transportation facili- ties. Federal and interstate highways serve nearly all parts of the county and connect the county with other important areas. There is a good network of paved county and State roads and other all-weather roads. Rail- roads serving the county are the Baltimore and Ohio, the Western Maryland, the Norfolk and Western, and the Pennsylvania. Hagerstown has air-transportation facilities. Many agricultural products are marketed within the county. Other markets of importance are Baltimore: Washington, D.C. ; and Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Har- risburg, and Lancaster in Pennsylvania. Large areas of fertile and responsive soils and a tem- perate climate with faii'ly well distributed i-aiiifall and a fairly long growing season are fa\()ral)le to agriculture in Washington County. Most of the soils ai-e well suited to general farming and to livestock production, and some soils are especially well suited to fruit farming. Agricul- ture is dixei-sified, aud the economic level of agi-icultui'e is high. In the following jjages, facts about crops grown in the county, pastures, livestock and poultry, types and sizes of fai-uis, farm tenure, aiul farm power and me- chanical e(|uipment are discussed. The statistics used are from reports puhlislied by the I '.S. Bureau of the Census. Crops Data from the census of 1954 on acreages of the most important held crops, numbers of fruit trees, and num- bers of berry farms are given in table 1. In 1954, the most extensiv^e field crop in the county was corn for grain. Other crops are wheat for grain; clover, timothy, and mixed hay; and alfalfa. Outstanding in the county are the orchard crops; Washington County leads the State in production of apples, peaches, plums, and cherries. ( I rapes, strawl)erries, and miscellaneous berries are also important crops. The total croi)land harvested in 1954 was 104,009 acres, or 35 percent of the county area. Washington ('ounty was third in the State in total crop- land harvested. Table 1. — Acreage of principal crops and numbers of fruit trees, (jrapevines, and herry farms in 1954 Crop C!orn for grain Corn for silage Wlieat harvested Oats harvested Barley harvested Alfalfa hay Clover, timothy, and mixed hay \'egetab!es for sale Apple trees of all ages Peach trees of all ages Prune and plum trees of all ages Cherry trees of all ages Pear trees of all ages Grapevines of all ages Farms producing strawberries Farms producing other berries „. Strawberries harvested Pastures A total of 00,204 acres was grazed in 1954. Of this total, 21,096 acres was cropland used temporarily for pasture, and 8,004 acres was grazed w'oodlands. This Rank in State Acres 23, 912 9 6, 269 3 1 7, .592 3 .5, 812 4 8, 980 2 12, 422 2 14, 900 7 979 16 Number 267, 213 1 156, 676 1 9, 738 1 8, 624 1 1, 990 2 868 7 52 7 126 3 Qiinrts 27. 000 5 WASHINGTON COUNTY. MARYLAND '4 leaves 30,564 aiTos, prosuiiiiibly in pci-iiKmcnl pasi iires, most of which are iinpi-ovod. Livestock and Poultry The <>oner:il nature and the (li\ersilicatiou of a-e enouo-fi to be seen with a microscope, are called silt. Hilty soils are smooth and velvety, and some are silky to the touch. They are usually not so hard when dry, wov so sticky and plastic when wet, as clay soils. The lai'<>'er particles, smaller than <2;ravel, are called sand. lndi\idual saiul particles can be seen with the naked eye. AVatei' moves ra])idly lhi-ou<>reenerally hi<>-her in or<>-anic matter than the liiihter colored soils. Other thina-s l)ein/ini(/s.- About 71 i)ercent of the laiul area ol" tlie county consists ol' uplands. The soils there de\eloped in place fi'om materials weathered from the underlying rock. iSoi/ horizcm has developed. The kind of soil depends chiefly on the kinds of rocks and soils from which the material was washed, and on the drainage. These soils of the flood plains m.ake up the remaining 8 percent of the county. General Soil Areas In a county or other large area, it is fairly easy to see differences in the landscape ivom place to place. Some of the more obvious difl'erences are in the shape, steep- ness, and length of slopes; in the width, volume, and speed of streams and the size and shape of their valleys; and in the kind and vigor of wild vegetation and of the ci-ops and pastures. Less obvious difl'erences are in the kinds of soils that have developed and the patterns in which they occur in the landscape. By drawing lines around the difterent patterns of soils on a small map, we get a general map of the soils. Such a map is useful to those who want a general idea of the soils, who want to compare different parts of the county, or who want to locate large areas suitable for some particular kind of farming or other general use. It does not show accurately the kinds of soils on a single farm or small tract. In "Washington County there are 14 general soil pat- terns, called soil associations. These are shown on the colored general soil map at the back of this rejjorl. Each association is named for the dominant soil .series. Tlie 14 associations tuv grouped into I divisions, according to di'ainage and de|)lli of I he soils. Well-Drained, Stony and Very Stony Soils This division occupies about 10 pei-cenl of the county. It contains tlwee soil associations, which are on high ridges and low mountains, from South Mountain in the east to Sideling Hill in the west. /. Dekalh-Leelonia-Edgemont-Laidifj uHsocUdion (Very stoni/, mountainous .soils) This soil association consists of motlerately coarse tex- tured to medium textured, very stony soils developed from sandstones and quartzites. Most of the soils are fairly shallow to bedrock. The dominant soils ai-e those of the Dekalb, Leetonia, Edgemont, and T>aidig series, but small areas of other soils are included. liesides being shallow and stony, these soils are mostly on sleep, moun- tainous terrain, are sti'ongly to very strongly acid, and are rather low in fertility and productivity. These soils are probably more suitable for forestry and wildlife than for more intensive agricultural uses, but this does not mean that they are good forest soils. In fact, forest operations may not be economically feasible on some of the rougher and stonier areas. This asso- ciation occupies about 8.6 percent of the county. 2. Dekalb-High field association (Very steep, stony soils) This soil association consists of very stony soils of the Dekalb and Highfield series, developed on sandstone and greenstone ( nietabasalt) , respectively. "Where the High- field soils dominate, these stony soils are somewhat deejjer and more productive than those of the Dekalb-Ix'etonia- Edgemont-Laidig association. Except in the vei-y steepest mountainous parts, this Dekalb-IIighfleld association should be of economic use for forests or timber products. It is too stony for cul- tivation or for any but very limited grazing. This asso- ciation makes up al)out (>.(> percent of the comity. 3. Highfield-Fauquier association (Deep, stony soils) This association is of deep, stony soils developed al- most entirely from greenstone or nietabasalt. Although these soils are too stony for crops or for very intensi^'e grazing, they have considerable depth, comparatively low acidity, ami fair fertility and productivity. Thus, they probably make up the hest group of soils limited in use mainly to forestry, and timber production on them should be economically feasible. This association makes up about 1.1 percent of the county. Well to Excessively Drained, Shallow, Medium-Textured Soils This second major division of soil associations makes up about one-fourth of the entire county. This division is not confined to mountainous areas, but it is fairly well distributed in various parts of the county. Where the SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Tahle 3. — Relationships of the soi/ series according to topographic position, parent material, find drainage Position and parent material Uplands: Metainori)hic rocks: Motabasalt (greenstone) . .Micaceous schists and pii yllites_ . (Juartzite or (|nartzitic sandstone Consolidated sedimentary rocks: Neai'ly pure, massive limestone_ Mmestone and shale Chert \- limestone _ Very cliert y limestone Sandy or arenaceous limestone Iligh-calcium ;ir materials Acid sandstone and shale ma- terials. Bottom lands and Hood plain.s: Crystalline rock materials Gray, yellow, and brown sand- stone and shale materials. Red sandstone and shale ma- terials. Limestone materials ]\Iarl deposits I )rainage class Excessively drained Hazel. Litz, Teas. Montevallo. Lohow Dekalb, Leetonia. Somewhat excessively drained Chandler Corydon . Litz- Teas. Berks.. Calvin. Lehew . l''au((uier, llighfield, M vcrsville. Chandler, Talladega. Edgemont Ifagerstowii . . Duffield, Frankstown i )unmore, I'^rederick. Elliber Benevola Corvdon West moreland Berks. Calvin . Braddock, Tluirmont. I.aidig Murrili Ashton, Etowah. Ilolston, Waynes- boro. Congaree. . Pope Huntington.. . Moderately well drained Somewhat Ijoorly drained Trego Buchanan. Landisburg. Lead vale. .. Mononga- hela. Chewacla. Largent. Lindside.. Warners.. I'oorly drained Philo. Warners. . Rohrers- ville. 2 Brinkerton. Tyler. Wehadkee. Atkins Atkins. Melvin.. Warners. V ery poorly drained Dunning ' The Edgeniont series includes some soils developed jxirtly on The surface layer of the Rohrersville soils is more or less strongly colluvial materials, and may be difficult to distinguish from soils influenced by recent, fine-grained local alluvium, of the Laidig series. W ASI lINC l COUNTY, MAHVLAXI) 7 soils art' iiol loo scNcrcly eroded, they arc suilahlc i'oi' (•idti\iUod crops. Some of the soils aiv productive, espe- cially for special crops, such as peaches or apples. For iieneral crops, ho\ve\er, productivity is rather low because ilie soils are shallow and some of them are drouilz 'leas {issociation are shallow, mostly fairly steep, and uiidiM lain by noiiacid, i-eddish and gray shales. Although feitility is not especially low, the soils arc droughty atul thus are not very productive. Most of them are in cultivation. There ai-e a number of orchards on soils of this association. The associatif)n makes up only iibout 0.2 percent of the entii-e county. 8. Calvin-Iierks-Litz-Monlerallo association (Shallow soils on shale, limestone, or sandstone) This is the most extensive soil association in th(! divi- sion of shallow soils. It makes up more than 16 percent of the county and extends, with some interruptions, from the Allegany County line in the west to Fairview Moun- tain. This is also the most complex of the soil associa- tions in the county. There are smaller areas of many soil series included besides those given in the associ;ition name. Some of the soils developed from acid or nonacid shale, and others, from limestone of various degrees of purity, from sandstone, or from mixtures of any of these. Most soils within this area are shallow to bedrock, but there are spots of deeper Frederick, Dunmore, and Westmoreland soils. Most of the soils are of medium tex- ture, but some are moderately coarse textured. Because this association lies within the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, the areas are mostly on fairly sharp ridges that are separated by rather deep, small streams that flow into the Potomac River. Agriculture on the Calvin-Berks-Litz-Montevallo asso- ciation is mostly of a general nature, with the greatest emphasis, perhaps, on fruit growing. Peach and apple orchards occupy many areas, particularly areas underlain by limestones and nonacid shales. However, the greater part of the association is in forest. The forests are pri- marily of hardwood trees, dominantly oaks. Moderately Well to Well Drained, Deep, Medium-Textured Soils This major division of the soils of "Washington County includes most of the recent and older alluvial soils of the flood plains and terraces. The soils are mostly me- dium textured and deep, but there are variations in drainage. Most of the soils are at least moderately well drained. This division makes up about 2 percent of the county. 9. Holston-Monongahela-Huntington- Lindside association ( Soils on broad flood plains and terraces) This is the only soil association of this major division. It consists of soils of the flood plains and of large parts of the terraces of the Potomac River. The Holston soils are well drained and the Monongahela soils are moder- ately well drained soils of the terraces. The}- developed from very old, acid sediments. The Monongahela soils have a strongly developed silt pan or fragipan horizon in their subsoil, and this restricts drainage. The Huntington and Lindside soils are on recent flood plains that consist of sediments influenced by limestone. The Huntington soils are well drained, but the Lindside 5005.33—62 Z 8 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1 950, NO. 17 soils have a seasonally lii<>li wafei' table and are only moderately well drained. There aiv smaller areas of other soils, such as the Tylei- and ^Vayneshol■o soils on the terraces and the Atkins. IMiilo, and Pope soils on the flood plains. Aoricidture is fairly well dexelopt'd on the soils of the I lolston-AIononoahela-lIunt in<:ton-Lindside associa- tion. Most of it is o-eneral fai'inin^-. The Holston and Monono-ahela soils are above nonnal Hood staijes of the Potomac, but both are subject to erosion. The Mononga- hela soils are considered cold because of the impeded drainage. The lluntin;ersto\vn-I)nllield-Kraiiks^ town association accounts for more (lian 4(1 i)ei'cent of Washiiii^ton County, (lius domina(inor(ance are (he other livestock operadons. Under good management, yields of all crops are high. Tiie chief deterrent (o even grea(er pro(luc(ion, as already in(lica(ed, is (he presence of large areas of ou(cropping r!mes(one rocks. Even these areas, where cul(i\ation is hindered or in some places ))reven(ed, aiv useful foi- pasdiivs and for some hay crops. All of (he soils of (he couidy, wliedier or not they have been named in this discussion of the general areas, are described in detail in (he next sec(i()ii of (his i-epoi'(. Description of the Soils In (his section (he soils and land (ypes in AVashing(on County are described in de(ail. For each series of soils, one typical profile is descrii)ed. Differences among soils in the same series are no(ed in (he descrip(ions of (he mapping units. Most commonly, (he differences are in slope and in the degree of erosion oi- in the tex(ui-e of (he surface layer. The location and distribu(ion of the individual soils are shown on the soil map in the back of this report. The approximate acreage and proportionate extent of each soil are shown in table 4. Many terms used in de- scribing the soils are defined in the Glossary. A more detailed account of the origin of tlie soils is in tlie section "Formation and Classification of Soils." Table 4. — Approximate acreage and proportionate extent of soi'/s Ashton fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes_ Atkins silt loam Benevola clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Benevola clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Benevola clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Benevola clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Berks channery loam, ridges, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded Berks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 per- cent slopes, severely eroded Berks channery loam, ridges, 20 to 30 per- cent slopes, moderately enjded Berks shaly silt loam, 0 to 8 i)("rceiit slopes--. Berks shaly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks shaly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks shaly silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks silt loam, ridges, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks silt loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Acres Percent 78 1, 164 159 0) 0. 4 . 1 412 . 1 176 . 1 65 (') 815 . 3 879 . 3 194 . 1 632 1, 002 . 2 . 3 2, 606 . 9 2, 381 . 8 352 . 1 695 . 2 391 . 1 Berks silt loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded Berks silt loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks soils, ridges, 20 to 45 percent slopes, severely eroded Berks soils, ridges, 30 to 60 percent slopes Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moficratelv eroded Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes Brinkerton silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes.-. Buchanan gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Buchanan gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channery fine sandy loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Acres 304 0. 1 273 . 1 823 . 3 3, 987 1. 3 575 . 2 567 . 2 74 (') 236 . 1 77 (■) 866 . 3 562 . 2 86 (') 276 . 1 890 . 3 1, 978 . 7 10 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 4. — Approximate acreage and proportionate extent oj soils — Continued Soil loam, 20 to 30 percent to 30 percent to 45 percent percent to 20 to 30' Calvin channcry slopes Calvin channcry loam, 20 ,sloi)os, moderately eroded Calvin channery loam, 30 slopes Calvin channery loam, 45 to 60 slopes Calvin shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely ertjded Calvin shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes.. Calvin shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes. . Calvin-Berks channery loams, 0 to 10 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Berks channery loams, 10 to 20 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Berks channery loams, 3 to 20 per- cent slopes, severely eroded Calvin- Berks channery loams, 20 to 30 per- cent slo|>es, moderately enxknl Calvin- Berks cliannery loams, 30 to 60 per- cent slo])es, moderately eroded Calvin-Moiitevallo shaly loams, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 10 jjercent slopes, moderately eroded _ Calvin-Montevallo shaly k)ams, 20 ])ercent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 20 to 45 jjercent slopes, severely eroded Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 30 to 60 percent slopes Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes Chewacla gravelly sandy loam Chewacla silt loam Chewacla stony silt loam Congaree silt loam and gravelly loam Corydon clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Corydon clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Corydon clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Corydon extremely rocky clay loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes Corydon very rocky clay^ loam, 3 to 45 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded Dekalb and Leetonia very stony sandy loams, 0 to 25 percent slopes Dekalb and Leetonia very stony sandy loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes Dekalb and Leetonia ver\^ stony sandy loams, 45 to 60 percent slopes Dekalb and Lehew very stony loams, 0 to 25 percent slopes Dekalb and Lehew very stony loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes DufReld extremely rocky silt loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes Duffield silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes DufReld silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Area Acrts Extent Percent 651 0. 2 224 . 1 859 . 3 156 . 1 189 . 1 126 (') 118 112 204 (') (') . 1 1 , 565 . 5 2, 798 . 9 320 . 1 1, 289 . 4 1, 315 . 4 103 (') 178 . 1 163 . 1 134 (■) 255 . 1 143 (■) 360 . 1 342 . 1 97 206 311 157 86 309 (') . 1 . 1 . 1 0) . 1 1, 006 . 3 200 1 405 . 1 857 . 3 1, 762 . 6 1, 056 . 4 201 . 1 281 . 1 493 . 2 1, 279 3, 352 . 4 1. 1 16, 338 5. 5 4, 739 1. 6 Soil Duffield silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Duffield silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Duffield very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes Duffield very rocky silt loam, 8 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Dunmore cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately erodcfl Dunmore cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Dunning and Melvin silty clay loams Edgeniont and I^aidig channery loams, 0 to 12 f)ercent slopes Edgemont and Ijaidig channery loams, 5 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 20 to 35 percent slopes, moderately eroded Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes, moderately eroded Edgemont and Laidig very stony loams, 0 to 5 i)ercent sloi)es Edgemont and Laidig very stony loams, 5 to 35 percent slopes Edgemont and Laidig very stony loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes Elliber cherty loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, moderately eroded Elliber cherty loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded . Ellil)er cherty loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Elliber cherty loam, 45 to 55 percent slopes- Eroded land, greenstone materials Eroded land, limestone materials Eroded land, sandstone and ciuartzite materials Eroded land, shale and schist materials Etowah gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, Etowah gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Etowah gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Etowah gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Etowah silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Etowah silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded Etowah silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Fauquier channery loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes Fauquier channery loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Fauquier channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Fauquier channery loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, moderately eroded Fauquier silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Fauquier silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Fauquier silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Fauquier silt loam, shallow, 3 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Fauquier very stony loam, 5 to 35 percent slopes Frankstown extremely rocky silt loam, 0 to 25 percent slopes Frankstown extremely rocky silt loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes Frankstown very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded Area Acret 99 669 1, 895 178 44 50 1, 896 1, 493 4, 613 2, 870 291 127 12, 524 771 520 719 629 81 101 617 221 3, 890 97 363 182 40 154 339 188 244 1, 735 1, 144 271 41 289 93 42 435 983 140 2, 413 Sfe footnote at ond of tal)U'. WASIIIXCTON COUNTY, MAItVKAM) (ic/'((i;ii (iinl /nojKirtioiKitr. cftcnt, oj .soils ( "otil iinicd Soil Fraiikstowii wry rocky silt loam, 8 to 15 per- cent slopes, severely (M'odetl Friiiikstowii \ery rooky silt loam, 15 to 45 perc'i'iit slopes, nioderatcly eroded Fraiikstowii and Diiflield chaiinery silt loams, 0 to '.^ percent slojx's Fraiikstowii and Duffield chaniiery silt loams, ',\ to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded . Fraiikstowii and Duffield chaiinery silt loams, 0 to 8 percent slopes, severely erodi'd , Fraiikstowii and Duffield clmnnery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Frankstown and Duffield chaiinery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Frankstown and Duffield chaiinery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded , Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes, severely eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes... Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, severely eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded - Hagerstown clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Hagerstown extremely rocky silt loam, 0 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown extremely rocky silty clay loam, 0 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown extremely rocky soils, 25 to 45 percent slopes Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.. Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderat(>ly eroded Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded . Hagerstown silt\' day loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes , Hagerstown silty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Sec footnote at end of table. Area .If ret 580 519 244 C, 909 60 3, 1 1 1 1 , 3()6 542 864 162 89 711 672 63 517 57 465 117 775 52 144 153 123 190 0, 696 4, 156 111 1, 146 22, 661 3, 690 252 437 4, 038 1. 458 Extent Percent 0. 2 . 2 . 1 (') 0) (') (') (') (') (') (') 2. 3 I 1. 1 . 5 . 2 . 3 . 1 . 2 . 2 (') . 1 2. 3 1. 4 . 4 7. 7 1. 2 . 1 . 1 1. 4 . 5 Soil Area Hagerstown silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded 153 Hagi^rstown \cry rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 per cent slojies, moderately eroded 10,613 Hagerstown V(;ry rocky sill loam, 15 1o 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded I, (J87 Hagerstown very rocky silty cliiy loam, 3 to j 15 jiercent slojK's, moderately eroded 8, :')7I Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 8 to 15 jierceiit slopes, seventy eroded 2, 836 Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 15 to 45 perc(>nt slopes, moderately eroded 621 Hagerstown very rocky soils, 45 to 55 per- cent slopes...! 1 107 Hagerstown, Corydon, and Duffield very rocky silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes 424 Hagerstown and Duffield silt loams, 25 to 45 percent slojies, moderatel.\- eroded 149 Hazel channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent sloi)es, moderately eroded 1, 438 Hazel channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded 1, 856 Hazel channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded 202 Hazel channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded 1, 095 Hazel channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded 124 Hazel channery silt loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes 210 Highfield gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes 67 Highfield gravelly loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded 315 Highfield gravelly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded 212 Highfield gravelly loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, moderately eroded 78 Highfield very stony loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes 44 Highfield very stonv loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes 1 2,123 Highfield very stony loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes 470 Holstoii gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. 439 Holstuii [;ra\elly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, iiioderatel.\' eroded 1, 395 Holstoii gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded 588 Holston gravelly loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded 49 Holston gravell.v loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded 118 Holston gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded 70 Holston gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes 115 Holston gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded 153 Holston gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded 50 Holston silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 224 Holston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded 666 Holston silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded 208 Huntington fine sandy loam 1, 507 Huntington gravelly loam 671 Huntington silt loam 1, 439 Huntington silt loam, local alluvium 4, 811 Laidig gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 110 Laidig gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded | 1,278 (■) . 4 12 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 4. — Approximate acreage and pniportionate extent of soils — Continued Soil Laidig grjivclly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Luidifi gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Laidig very sstony loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes. Laidig very stony loam, 15 to 45 percent slojH's, moderately eroded Landisburg cherty silt loam, 8 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Landisburg cherty silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, moderate!}' eroded Largent silt loam Leadvale gravellj' silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Lindside silt loam Lindside silt loam, local alluvium Jiitz channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded . Lltz channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Litz channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely t-roded Litz shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes Litz shaly loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded Litz shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded Litz shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, se- verely eroded Litz shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded _. Litz shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded Litz shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Litz shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, severely eroded Ijitz shaly loam, 45 to 60 percent slopes Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 0 to 8 percent slopes Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 3 to 15 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 8 to 15 per- cent slopes, severely eroded Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 15 to 25 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 15 to 25 per- cent slopes, severely eroded Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 25 to 45 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded Melvin silt loam , Monongahela gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Monongahela gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Monongahela silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Monongahela silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Montevallo shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Montevallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Montevallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded Montevallo shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded See footnote at end of table. Acres Extent Percent 1, 574 0. 5 479 722 . 2 . 2 1 I A I 10 (') 00 (') 143 15/ (') . 1 49 (') 4/0 2, 435 488 . 2 . 8 . 2 232 . 1 Ck'7 97 (') 1 uy 366 (') . 1 •} o . 2 1, 4y,i . 5 oU4 . 2 . 3 5 / y . 2 6 1 y . 1 136 (') (') I9o . 1 625 . 2 126 (') 164 . 1 167 . 1 56 146 (') (') 301 . 1 110 443 (') . 1 861 . 3 223 . 1 57 (') 1, 857 . 6 2, 972 1. 0 1, 628 . 6 1, 812 . 6 Soil Montevallo shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely erodecl Murrill gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes.. Murrill gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. „ Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded . Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Murrill gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Murrill gra\('lly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded . Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent sloi)es, severely eroded Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slo])es, severely eroded Murrill silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Murrill silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded Murrill silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded Myersville channery loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Myersville channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville chainiery loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, severely eroded Myersville channery silt loam, 10 to 30 per- cent slopes, severely eroded Myersville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Myersville silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville very stony loam, 3 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville very stony loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes, eroded Philo gravelly sandy loam Philo silt loam Pope fine sandy loam Pope gravelly loam Pope gravelly sandy loam Pope silt loam Pope stony gravelly loam Rocky eroded land Rohrersville silty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Stony rolling land Stony steep land . Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 0 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 20 to 30 percent slopes lOxtent Percent 623 1, 479 0. 2 . 5 9, 485 3. 2 4, 122 1. 4 84 (') 596 . 2 51 368 . 1 678 . 2 84 (') 88 0) 46 269 (') . 1 872 . 3 214 . 1 47 (') 1, 331 . 5 1, 676 . 6 418 . 1 175 . 1 52 (') 57 131 (') (') 532 . 2 1, 428 . 5 147 430 1, 254 1, 793 4oO 446 442 87 823 (') . 1 . 4 . 6 . 2 . 1 (') . 3 216 4, 643 2, 857 . 1 1. 6 1. 0 794 . 3 53 (') 160 . 1 \vasiiin(;t()n r'ouNT'i', maio'land Soil Table 4. — Approximate acreage aw! /ini/m/iKindii (.rh ni of soils — Coiiiinm rl Soil Talladega Ki'aNi'llx' sill Idaiii, thick sdlmii N'ariant, 20 lo 15 piTcciil slopes, iiiodcr- iitcly crodi'd Terrace cscarpincnts Thurnioiil fiiaxcily loam, '.\ to rcent slopes, severely eroded Westmoreland channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Westmoreland channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded Total ^ . . . A reji Extent Pererril 322 0, 1 98 (') 1 j:. 628 . 2 103 (') 137 (') 183 . 1 31 1 . 1 2ti3 . 1 278 . 1 82 (') 100 295, 680 98. 8 ' Less than 0.1 percent. Ashton Series The Ashtoii series consists of deep, well-drained, weakly developed soils on low terraces or second bottoms along the Potomac River. These soils developed in old alluvium that washed from soils underlain by limestone or from materials strongly influenced by limestone. The higher terraces in the same general areas are occupied by soils de\eloped in more acid materials, such as the soils of the Ilolston, IMonongahela, and Waynesljoro series. The Ashton soils are very productive tuider good management. They are limited in extent and occupy less than 100 acres. Profile of Ashton fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, in a temporarily idle area where Orchard Road reaches the Potomac River, in the Cohill community : .A„ 0 to 9 inches: dark-brown (lOYR 3/3) fine sandy loam; weak, fine, crumb structure; slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist, and nonplastic and non- sticky when wet; roots abundant; neutral; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 6 to 12 inches thick. Bi 9 to It) inclies: dark-brown (lOYR 4/3), heavy fine sandy loam; weak, fine to medium, crumb to weak, very fine, subangular l)locky structure; slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist, and slightly plastic but non- sticky when wet; roots plentiful: many fine and medium pores; slightly acid to neutial; gradual, wavy boundary; horizon is 5 to 8 inches thick. B2 16 to 45 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4), heavy loam to light silt loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots fairly plentiful in upper portion to ]iractically none in lower portion: many fine and medium pores and a few worm channels: slightly acid to neutral; clear, wavy to irregular boundary: horizon is 18 to 40 inches thick. C 45 to 80 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4) fine sandy loam to silt loam; about 20 percent fine, distinct mottles of very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); very weak, very coarse, subangular blocky structure be- coming somewhat coarse, platy in places: moderately hard when dry, firm when moist, and slightly plastic but nonsticky when wet; no roots; moderately per- meable: contains 10 to 15 percent fine and very fine gravel; moderately alkaline; clear, irregular boundary; horizon is 24 to 40 inches thick. D 80 to 108 inches + : stratified gravel, sand, silt, and clay loam; gravel makes up about 60 percent of the mass and is waterworn; fine materials are of same color as those in the C horizon, but with about 40 percent mottles; massive; hard when dry, firm to friable when moist, with finer materials plastic and slightly sticky when wet; no roots; moderately rapidly permeable; mildly to moderately alkaline. All horizons are variable in thickness, particularly the B2 horizon of the subsoil. The variations apparently are correlated with the topography. The soils that have the thickest, most strongly developed B horizons are in the highest positions. In soils in the lower positions, the B horizon is thinner and more poorly developed, but the surface layer may be 2 or more feet thick. In a few areas there are some shale and sandstone fragments in the substratum, but in most places the coarse material is chert. The Ashton soils are well drained, but within the areas tliere may be some wet spots or shallow sinks. The sur- face is generally smooth, but there are a few htunmocks in places. The low terraces on which the Ashton soils are located are generally at least 20 feet higher than the flood plains. These soils have moderate overall perme- ability and mcxlerately high to high moisture-supplying capacity. They may be covered with water dtxring gen- eral floods at intervals of several years. Ashton fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes (AsB). — This soil has the profile that has been described. 14 SOIL 8UH\KV SERIES 19.59, NO. 17 Jt is the only .Vsliloii soil in I lie coiinly. Since there :iie no great luizards, except, flooding for short periods at in- tervals mail}' years a])art, this soil is suitable for almost all the crops grown in the region with only reasonably good, simple management practices. Althongh the soil occurs at compai'at ively low elevations, it has fairly good air drainage because of its position above the Potomac Kiver. Most of the soil has been planted to orchards, but, at the time of this report, the orchards had not come into production. Time will tell whether the soil is well suited to orchards or not. This is one of the better soils of the county. Tt occupies oidy 7S acres and is in capability unit I-G. Atkins Series The Atkins series consists of {)()()rly drained soils in recently deposited allu\ iinn on the flood plains. The soils are generally along the smaller streams. The dejjosits are made up of out wash from acid shale and sandstone areas. On the same materials and along the same streams are the moderately well drained to somewhat pooi'ly drained Philo soils and the well drained Pope soils. The Atkins soils are not very e.xtensive. Because they are too wet for many purposes, they are not of very great importance in agriculture. Profile of Atkins silt loam, in a cutover foi-esfed area at a point just off McC^oys Ferry Road, one-half mile south of its intersection with (Jreenspring Furnace Koad: A, 0 tu () inches: olivc-hiuwii (2.5Y 4/4) silt loam; moderate, medium, crumb structure: hard when dry, friable when moist, plastic and sticky when wet: roots abun- dant ; m(>dium to slightly acid; clear, smooth bound- ary; horizon is 4 tt) 8 inches thick. Cig (■) to U) inches: dark grayish-brown or olivc-sfray (2.5Y 4/"2 or 5Y 4 '2) silty clay loam; about 30 ))ercent fine and medium, distinct mottles of dark brown (7.5YR 4/4^; compound, weak, coarse, platy and moderate, medium, blocky and subangular blocky structure; hard to very hard when dry, rather firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots confined mostly to upper portion; slowly permeable; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary; horizon is 8 to 16 inches thick. Cog H) to 36 inches -|- : olive-brown (2.5Y 4/4) fine gravelly sandy clay loam; about 40 percent fine, medium and coarse, distinct mottles of dark gray, reddish brown, and strong brown; stratified with a \ery weak, coarse, platy structure; very hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; prac- tically no roots; slowly permeable; very strongly acid. The greatest variation in the Atkins soils of Washing- ton Cotnity is in thickness, or in depth to the gravelly C horizon. Overall permeability is slow, and, though these soils are very wet for long periods, they can become very liard and droughty dtiring extended dry weather. Their moisture-supplying capacity is, therefore, rather low, even though they may be flooded nearly every year and sometimes for rather long periods. Because of their ad- verse moisture relationships, these soils are suited to cul- tivated crops only with drainage and water control, and then are tised chiefly for corn, forage crops, or pasture. Atkins silt loam (At). — This soil, which has the profile that has been described in detail, is the only Atkins soil in Washington County. Because of its wetness, it is placed in capability iniit IIIw-l. There are l.lfi4 acres. Any areas damaged by fri'([uent overllows should be maintained in [)ermanent grass or woodland. Benevola Series The Henevola series consists of deep, \('i v well drained, dark-red, line-text ui'ed soils de\eloped from rather soft, \ery line grained, sandy limestone. The Benevola soils have very strong structure in the subsoil and an excep- tionally high degree of porosity for such hne-tex(ured soils. Locally, some small areas of the.se soils are mod- erately deep or shallow o\er ledges of the limestone, and there are occasional oiitcroppings of the saiuly lime- stone. The Ik'iievola soils are on nearly level or gently rolling valley floors. They are mostly in the area from about Bene\-ola northeastward nearly to Bagtown. Other soils on limestone are those of the Dtdfield, Frankstown, and Ilagerstown series. Although the Benevola soils are not extensive, they are excellent agricultural soils and have all been cleared for use. Profile of Benevola clay loam, 0 to '\ percent slopes, in an old cultivated area about BO yards south of U.S. Highway Xo. 40, almost directly across that highway from the Ilagerstown drive-in theater, about halfway between Wagner's Crossroads and Mount Lena: A I, 0 to 6 inches: dark reddish-brown (SYR 3/4) clay loam; strong, medium, granular to strong, very fine, blocky structm-e; moderately hard when dry,' friable when moist; roots fairly abundant; highly porous; contains occasional fragments of fine-grained, very sandy limestone; neutral in reaction; clear, smooth boundary; horizon is 5 to 7 inches thick. B>, 6 to 13 inches: dark reddish-brown (SYR 3/4) fine clay loam or clay; strong, fine to medium, blocky and subangular blocky structure; blocks crush when moist to strong, fine granules; hard when dry, friable to sonuiwhat firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots plentiful; abimdant medium pores; slightly compacted at upper bound- ary (probably a plowsole) ; contains occasional fragments of sandy limestone; neutral; gradual, wavy V>oundary; horizon is 6 to 10 inches thick. B22 13 to 35 inches: dark-red (2. SYR 3/6) clay; very strong, verj' fine to fine, blocky and subangular blocky structure; blocks crush when moist to ver}^ strong, very fine granules; hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots few to fairly plentiful in upper portion; abundant fine and medium pores; continuous self-colored clay skins on aggregates; clear to abrupt, irregular boundary; horizon is 18 to 30 inches or more tfiick. C 35 to 42 inches 4- : yellowish-brown to light-gray (lOYR 5/4 to 5Y 6/1) gravelly very fine sand or loamy very fine sand; single-grain structure; soft to loose when dry, soft when moist, and nonplastic and nonsticky when wet; occasional roots; rapidly to very rapidly permeable; gravel consists of fragments of very fine grained sandy limestone in all stages of decom- position: mildly to moderately alkaline to calcareous. Some areas are included that are less intensely red than the profile described. The greatest variation in the soils, however, is in depth to bedrock. In some places the soil is very deep but is only a few feet away from an outcrop of the limestone. The stirface soil described probably inehides some sttbsoil that has been incorporated into the surface layer as the result of repeated plowing. In spite of their fine texture, the overall permeability of the Benevola soils is rapid because of the good strtic- \VASllIN(iTON COUNTY, MAH VI-A.\I) 15 hire. \\'lu'n' I lie soil is of iioi'iiiiil lliickncss over rock, the iiioisl lire sii|)|)lyinh it is not particularly subject to deterioration, this soil is dinicult to manage, except within a very narrow range of moisture content, because of its fine texture and its stickiness and plasticity. For this reason, this soil is in capability unit IIs-1. There are 15!) acres. Benevola clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (BaB2). — This soil is sloping and has bci'ii somewhat eroded. It can be used for all the crops com- monly grown, with proper erosion control and other management practices, without serious further damage. Howevei', it is difficult to handle. This soil is in capabil- ity miit IIe-19. There are 412 acres. Benevola clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (BaC2). — liecause of the hazard of erosion and the general dilKculty of management, this soil is in capability unit Ille-oO. There are 176 acres. Benevola clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded (BaC3). — On this soil, erosion has been active and damaging. Because of the combination of fairly strong slopes and severe erosion, the 65 acres of this soil are in capability miit IVe-1. This soil can be cultivated in long rotations with hay or pastui'e most of the time, if other good management is practiced. Berks Series The Berks series consists of well-drained to somewliat excessively drained, rather shallow soils that developed primarily from acid shales. The soils occupy rolling valley floors and rather steep ridges. They are extensive in Washington County in the areas that iDorder Conoco- cheague Creek and in the ridge and valley section west of Fairview Mountain. In some places the shale under- lying the Berks soils is somewhat influenced by lime- stone. The Berks soils are somewhat similar to the INIonte- vallo soils in appearance, but the underlying shale is softer and more readily incorporated into the soil by plowing and cultivation than the shale mider the Monte- vallo soils, and it is more permeable to water and to roots. The Berks are also more productive than the shal- lower ISIontevallo soils. Profile of Berks shaly silt loam, ;> to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded, in a cidtivated area on Independence Koad, 11/4 miles northeast of Conococheague Bridge: Ap 0 to 8 inches: dark-brown (lOYR 4/3) shaly silt loam; moderate, medium, crumb structure; friable when moist, and slii;htly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots al^undant ; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary; horizon is 6 to 9 inches thick. B2 8 to 13 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4), shaly, heavy silt loam; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure; friable when moist, and moder- ately plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots fairly common; abundant pores; thin, almost con- tinuous, self-colored clay skins; 30 to 40 percent shale; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 3 to 0 inches thick. C 13 lo 24 inches: dark yellowish-brown dOYR 4/4), frji«- in(Mited, soft shale, strongly coaled with silt and clay; very few roots; rapidly permeable; fine material very strongly acid; gradual, wavy to irregular boundary; horizon is 8 to 24 inches thick. Dr 24 inches + : moderately hard, yellowisli-browii <»r l)rownish-y(;llow shale. Thei-e is considerable variation in I he amount of shale fragments in the pi-olile. Some undisturbed areas have very little shale in the surface soil. There is considerable shale in the surface layer of practically all plowed areas, however, because plowing to normal de[)lh almo.st in- variably incorporates some of the more shaly Bv horizon into the [)l()w layei'. In some places the subsoil has a slightly reddish cast, approaching reddish brown (5YK 5/4) in color. In place.s there are tliin seams of sandstone in the parent shale, particularly in the western part of the county. In sucli places the soil tends to be a little less silty than the soil described above, and may contain few to many flat frag- ments of sandstone. Berks channery loam, ridges, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded (BcB2). — Most of this soil is on ridge- tops. It has a profile like the one described, but it is somew^hat less silty .and more sandy and contains 20 percent or more of flat fragments of hard sandstone up to 6 inches in length. The soil contains considerable shale. The sandstone fragments may be present through- out the profile Init are generally more abimdant on and near the surface. On the gentle slopes the low moisture capacity, hence low production, of the soil is a more im- portant management problem than erosion. The 815 acres are in capability miit IIs-7. Berks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded (BcC2). — The slope of this soil is great enough to make risk of erosion the nmnber one manage- ment problem if good co\-er is itot maintained. The soil is also droughty and of rather low productivity, but it can be cultivated safely with careful management. This soil is perhaps better suited to hay crops and to sodded orchards than to clean-cultivated crops. The 879 acres are in capability unit IIIe-32. Berks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded (BcC3). — This soil has been seriously dam- aged b}' erosion. The original surface soil is nearly all gone, and there may l)e occasional shallow gullies. In this condition the soil is suited to only occasional cul- tivation of crops in long rotations with hay or pasture l)lants, or to sodded orchards. There are 104 acres, in capal)ility unit IVe-32. Berks channery loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded (BcD2). — This soil is steeper than the otie just descrilted, but erosion has been less severe, largely because much of the soil has remained in forest. There is a strong hazard of erosion because of steepness, so this soil has also been placed in capability unit IVe-32. There are 632 acres in this county. Berks shaly silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes (BeB). — This soil has a profile like the one described for the se- ries, except that there has been practically no erosion. It has either been in woodland or has been especially well managed. Because erosion has not been serious, the shallowness of the soil and its low moisture-holding capa- 16 SOIL SUUXEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 citv iuv the juost important iiianaaciiitMii factors. There are 1,()()'2 acres of this soil, in capaMlity unit IlIs-:2. Berks shiily silt loam, .} to S percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (BeB2). — This soil has the prohU' that has been described in detaih Krosioii has been active, even thouoli slopes are not ver_y <>reat. Jiecause most of tliis soil is in cultivation, the erosion hazard is the most si-u]ar culti\ation if careful ei'osion conliol is pi-acticed. Meas- ures to maintain fertility and umisture are also \ery im- portant. The I'.^iSl acres of this soil are in capability unit I\'e-.")'2. Berks shaly silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (BeD2). — There is such a ^ reat erosion haz- ard thai this soil nnist be very cai-efully mana acres in the county. Berks silt loam, ridge.s, 10 to 20 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (BkC2). — Erosion on this soil has been oidy mo(U'i-ate, but there is definitely a strong" hazard of erosion. For tliis reason, the acres are [)laced in cai)al)ility unit lIIe-;>2. Berks silt loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, se- verely eroded (BkC3). — This soil has lost ni()>t of it> oi-io-- inal surface soil and in places some of tlie orioinal subsoil. It is less suitable for cultivation and requires much more carefid manaddish yellow (7.5Y11 6/0); comj)ound, moderate, medium, platy and strong, fine, subangular blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm but brittle when moist, and jjlastic and sticky when wet; no visible roots; many fine but few large ])ores; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 12 to 20 inches thick. C 34 to 00 inches -f : disintegrated sandstone and shale with some silt and clay of intricately mixed, dark yellowish-brown and black colors; very weak, coarse, platy structure; moderately hard when dry, firm when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; no roots; verv strongly acid. Nearly all areas of Buchanan soils are gi'avelh', but in places the gravel content is low. Thei"e is generally more gravel in the surface layer than in the subsoil. The map indicates some stones in places and also some small spots that are wetter than normal. In places the upper subsoil is tliin or almost lacking, and in these areas the mottled, platy lower subsoil is generally within about 10 inches of the surface. Buchanan gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (BuA). — This soil has the prolile tliat has been described, and includes the best areas of Buchanan soils in the county. Slopes are not strong and erosion is not a great hazard, but the soil tends to be rather wet on these more level areas. The 77 acres of this soil are in capability miit IIw-1, and most of the acreage is cidtivated. Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (BuB2). — On this soil, erosion lias been rather active. The slopes drain better than the more level areas, so erosion is a greater hazard than wetness. The 866 acres are in capability unit IIe-13. Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (BuC2). — Erosion is a serious hazard on this soil. Crops can be grown with suitable rotations and careful management. There are 562 acres, in capabilitv unit IIIe-13. Buchanan gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded (BuD2). — This is the steepest Buchanan soil. In most places the soil is still forested. In the few- spots that have been cleai'ed, cultivation is hazardotis un- less special protective measures are taken. The 86 acres are in capability unit IVe-9. Calvin Series The Calvin series consists of shallow to moderately deep, very well drained soils develoiK'd in materials that weathered from acid, red shale, with some inclusions of acid, red sandstone. The Cahiii soils are in the western part of the county, generally along with soils of the Berks, Litz, and Montevallo series. The Calvin soils in some places have w'ell-defined boundaries, but in many places they are so intricately mixed with soils of the Berks or Montevallo series that they cannot be sei)arated on the soil map. Such areas of mixed soils are known as soil complexes. Most areas of Calvin soils are still in forest, but some have been cleared for general crops, orchards, or pastures. Profile of Calvin channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded, in a forest 50 yards we.st of Rice Koad, about six-tenths of a mile south of the Pennsylvania State line : Ai 0 to 1 inch: very dark brown (lOYR 2/2) channery loam; weak to moderate, fine, granular structure; soft when dry, very friable when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots abundant; contains about 15 percent flat fragments of hard sandstone and some shale; medium acid; abrupt, irregular boundary; horizon is ]2 inch to 2 inches thick. .^2 1 to 3 inches: reddish-brown (SYR 4/4) channery loam; weak, medium, granular to crumb structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet ; roots plentiful; about 30 percent sandstone, with some shale: strongly acid; gradual, irregular boundary; horizon is 2 to 4 inches thick. As 3 to 9 inches: reddish-brown Cl.^Wi 5/4) very channery loam; moderate, fine, subangular blocky structure; hard wlien dry, friable to firm when moist, and moder- ately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots rather ])lentiful; contains 40 to 50 percent flat, stone fragments; very strongly acid; gradual to clear, ir- regular boundary; horizon is 5 to 8 inches thick. B2 9 to 21 inches: red (2.5YR 5/6), channery, heavy loam or light silt loam; moderate, medium to coarse, blocky and subangular blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; few roots; many fine and medium pores; some clay skins in pores and on aggregates; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 8 to 12 inches thick. Ci 21 to 31 inches: variegated yellowish-red and reddish- yellow (SYR 4/6 and 0/8) channery silt loam and decomposed shale; inherited, coarse, laminar struc- ture; hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; practically no roots: very strongly acid; gradual, wavy to irregular boundary; horizon is 8 to 12 inches thick. C2 31 to 42 inches +: reddish-yellow (SYR 0/6), partially decomposed shale with some hard sandstone; about 10 percent fine, illuvial material; fine material sticky and plastic when wet; no roots; very strongly acid. The depth to the substratum ranges from about 12 to nearly 30 inches, with the average 18 to 20 inches. In some 1)1 aces the surface layer is slightly more sandy than that in the profile describee!. Slopes are complex in some places, but they are smooth and simple in most areas. The Calvin soils are so well drained that they may be droughty in periods of limited rainfall. Calvin channery fine sandy loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CaB2). — This soil has a profile like the one described as representative of the Calvin series, except that the channery surface soil is fine sandy loam and the subsoil is somewhat more friable than the one described. Because of the sandiness, the soil tends WASmN(;TON COrNTV, MAliVLANI) 19 (() l)c' soiiicwlmt (li-()up soil is not ei'oded, because the areas of it have been well i)i-o(ecled by foi-ests. If it were cultivated, however, (he ei-osion luizard would be gi-ea(. The ]]2 aci-es of this soil are in capability unit Vie-.'}. Calvin shaly loam, .30 to 45 percent slopes (CmE). — Although Iheri' has been little oi' ik) erosion on (his soil, cultivation should not be attempted. The soil could produce pasture, and grazing or hay crops could be attempted if managed carefully enough. There ai-e 204 acres, in capability unit VlIe-3. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CnB2). — This soil mapping unit and the next four described consist of mixtui'es of the reddish- brown to red Calvin chaniu'iy loam and the yelloAvish- brown Berks channery loam. The areas of Calvin and of Berks soils in these units are distinct enough, but they are so small and intricately mixed that separation on the map was impractical. The most gentle and least ei'oded slopes of the complex are in this soil unit, whicli lias an area of 1,565 acres and is in capability unit IIs-7. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CnC2). — This mixtui-e of Calvin and Berks soils occupies 2,798 acres and is in capability unit IIIe-32. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 3 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded (CnC3). — In this mixture of channery loams, there are some small spots of shaly loams. The soils have been too severely eroded for cultivation, except in very long rotations with especially good management and protection. The ai-eas can be used safely for hay crops and pasture or for sodded orchards. The 320 acres in the county are in capability unit IVe-32. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CnD2). — Most of the areas of this mapping unit have remained in forest, and, although there has been some erosion, it has not been severe. Be- cause of the slope, the hazard of erosion would be great if cultivation were attempted. Therefore, the 1,289 acres are in capability unit IVe-32. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 30 to 60 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CnF2). — These very steep soils occupy 1,315 acres. Woodland would be the safest use. The soils are in capability unit ^TIe-3. Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CoB2). — This unit and the next four described are intricate mixtures of Calvin shaly loam and Montevallo shaly loam. On these shaly and dominantly thin soils, erosion is l^s of a management problem than droughtiness and low fertility. The 103 acres of this mapping unit are in capability unit IIIs-2. Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CoC2). — Slopes of these soils are great enough that erosion is the most significant man- agement problem. The soils are also thin and droughty. There are 178 acres in capability unit IVe-32. Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CoD2). — Because of the slope and the great hazard of erosion, cultivation of this mapping unit is hazardous. Some grazing can be done 20 SOIL SUHVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 if it is caivfully inaniiat'd and coiil rolled. Tlio H').') acres are in cajjahilil y iiiiil •">. Caivin-Montevallo shaly loams, 20 to 45 percent slopes, severely eroded (CoE3). — Little surface soil is left on these stt'ej), severely eroded areas, and there are many ^•allies. In some places almost all the soil has been iv- iiioved by erosion. These areas ai'e of little value in ain<>- and should remain in forest. There are 255 acres, in capability unit \'Ile-;5. Chandler Series Till" Chandler series consists of moderately deep, \v(dl- drained to somewhat excessively drained soils that have a weakly de\elopt'd horizon. The (Chandler soils de- veloped in materials that weathered from |)hyHite, a fine-iii'ained, metamorphosed schist containin<:- consider- able mica. These soils are on fairly steep uplands and low mountains in the southern part of the county. They are mostly in the area just north of Harpers Feri-y. The (Miandler soils are commoidy associated with the Hazel soils, which are even shallower to bedi-ock. They occnpy less than 1,000 acres. A ii'ood part of the acreage has been cleared and is used for t ; a few large; tree roots; rather slowly i)erineable; about S5 to 95 ])er- cent stone fragments, the remainder fine materiiU with abundant mica flakes; extremely acid; verj' thick, grading with depth to hard, gray, greenish- gray, and yellowish-gray phyllite. There is considerable range in dej)th to parent material. In some spots the subsoil has a reddish cast but is other- \\ ise like that of the soil described. There are occasional stones, flagstones, or large slabs of phyllite on and within the soil. Some areas are almost free from stone fragments in the surface layer, thus are silt loam rather than chan- nei'v silt loam in texture. These areas are not shown separately on the soil maj), so all of the Chandler soils are imditferentiated nnits of Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes (CrB). — This is the soil described above, except that in some areas there are very few, if any, ])ieces of phyllite in the surface layei'. This miit includes only gently sloj)ing soils that ha\e had little, if any, erosion, and they can be cidtivated safely with good management,. Tlic No acres are in ca])abilily unit He ill. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CrB2). — Erosion has been acti\-e on the areas of this mapping unit. Better management and longer rotations are re(iuired for safe cidtivation than on the similar mieioded soil. The 360 acres are in ca])ability tniit He-lo. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CrC2). — These slop- ing soils are subject to erosion. Hotations must be long for safe cidtivation, with oidy infre(]uent row cro])s in the cropping system and with long periods of sod croj)S, such as hay, ])asture, or sodded orchards. The 342 acres of this mapping luiit aiv in ca])ability imit IVe-10. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes (CrD). — iiecause these soils have remained in forest cover, they have not been eroded. It would be best to keep them in forest, although they could be grazed with care after establishment of a good sod. The 07 acres are in capability unit VIe-3. Chewacla Series The Chewacla series consists of modertitely well drained soils on recent alluvial deposits along some of the smaller streams. The soils consist of materials that were washed originally from areas of soils developed from crystalline rocks — in Washington County mainly from soils of the Myersville, Fauquier, Highfield, Chandler, and Hazel series. Because the Chewacla soils consist of recently deposited materials, there has not been sufficient time for the de- A'elopment of a B horizon in tliem. They are on the same flood plains as the well-drained Congaree soils and the poorly drained Wehadkee soils. ]Most areas of Chewacla soils are small, and many of them have not been cleared. When cleared, they are used mostly for pasture and hay crops, Init corn and other general crops are sometimes grown. WASI TON COIIXTV, MAHVLAM) 21 Prolilc of ( "licw ;icl;i sill loam, in a pasdircd area on the Mood plain of a small creek 1 mile iiorlli of Darjiaii. just oil' the Ilai pei-s Kerry Koad : A|, 0 t(i S iiu'lu's: (lark grayish-brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam; weak, iiiediimi, cruiiil) structure; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and sligiitly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots aijundani; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundarv; horizon is (1 to 8 inches thick. C 8 to 33 inches: light oli\-e-brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt loam; al)out 15 percent very small specks of gray; moderate, medium, crumb structure; moderately hard when dry, somewhat firm when moist, and moderately plastics and sticky when wet; roots ])lentiful in upper portion, fewer below; many fine and medium |)ores; very strongly acid; abrui)t, smooth to wavy boiuidary; horizon is 20 to 30 inclies thick. Dk 33 to 42 inches | : ])ale-olive (5Y 0 4) gnuclly sandy loam; about 30 j)ercent medium, distinct mottles of brown, yellow, and gray; moderate, medium, i)laty structure; hard when dry, moderately firm when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; no roots; moderately slowly permeable to slowly permeable; aljout 20 jjcrcent waterworn gravel; ex- tremely acid; grades with depth to gravelly sandy material. The text lire of the surface layer ranges from sandy loam to silt loam in the series, and there are gravelly and stony phases. Some areas are somewhat more brown than the profile described, especially where the soil mate- rials originated in areas of reddish soils, such as the Fauqnier. The Chewacia soils are not too poorly drained for many crops, but they are limited in crop production by the tendency to be flooded. The water table will vary, and in wet seasons it is likely to be near the surface for considei'al)le jieriods. Chewacia gravelly sandy loam (Cs). — This soil is like the one described, except that the surface layer is sandier and there is consideral)le waterworn gravel throughout. The soil is used mostly for late corn or for pasture and hay. It is in capability unit IIw-7, but, if very frequently damaged by flooding, it shoidd be managed for grazing or perennial sod crops. The soil occu])ies 20G acres. Chewacia silt loam (Ct). — This soil has the profile that has been described. It occupies nearly level flood plains. It is in capability unit IIw-7, but should be managed for sod crops and grazing if damaged by frequent over- flows. Only an examination of eacli area of these soils and a consideration of their known liistoi v can deteriuine whether or imt there is frequent overflow damage. This information cannot be shown on the soil maps. There are oil acres of this soil. Chewacia stony silt loam (Cu). — This soil is on nai row flood plains, mostly along the western slopes of South Mountain between Pen ^lar and Pondsville. It consists largely of local alluvium Avashed down from adjacent slopes that are generally occupied by stony Highfield or Fauquier soils. Stones and, in some places, boulders are so conunon that no attempt to farm this soil has been made. Included in these flood ])lains are small areas somewhat better drained than normal, and also some wet spots. The 157 acres of this soil are in capability unit Vs-2. Congaree Series The Congaree series consists of deep, well-drained soils on recent alluvium of the flood plains. These deposits con- sist of out wash from ai-eas of soils on crystalline rocks. I'lie (Ongaree soils are mostly in I lie soutlieni pari of I he coiiniy near Harpers Fei'i-y. On the same flood plains aic the modei'ately well drained ('liewacja soils and I lie pooily drained ^^'l'Iladkee soils. The Congaree soils are of very little e.xteiil or iiii- porlaiice in W'ashiiigloii Counly. .Mlliongh they are good soils, they occupy very small and narrow areas, and amount to less than 100 acres. l>otli the silt loam and the gravelly loam occur, but, because; of their ncit small extent, they are mapped togclhcr as ( 'oiigaree sill loam and gravell,y loam. Profile of Congaree sill loam, in a foresied area just off Shinan Koad, IVi niiles nort liw est of its >ont h intersect ion with Harpers Ferry Koad: A| 0 to 5 inches: dark-brown (lOYIl 4/3) silt loam; weak, fine to medium, crumb structure; slightly to moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and slightly pla.stic and slightly sticky when wet; roots abundant; slightly acid to neutral; gradual, smooth boundary; horizon is 4 to 7 inches thick. C 5 to 39 inches: dark yellowisii-i)r(jwn (lOYR 4'4) silt loam or heavy fine sandy loam; no apparent structure; slightly hard when dry, friable to very friable when moist, and moderately plastic but iionsticky when wet; roots plentiful in uj)per portion; moderately per- meable; contains a few mica flakes; slightly acid; clear to abrupt, smooth tjoundary; horizon is 30 to 40 inches tliiek. D 39 to 48 inches +: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4) , stratified sand, silt, and gravel; no structure; consistence var- iable; no roots; many mica flakes; strongly acid. Some profiles of Congaree soils are a little more reddish, particularly in the upper C horizon, than the one de- scribed. Gravel may be present throughout the profile. These soils are well drained and of fairly high fertility and moisture-supplying capacity. However, many areas in Washington County are so small that they have not been cleared for use. Congaree silt loam and gravelly loam (Cv). — The Con- garee soils are in capability unit I-(). These soils are suitable for nearly all crops. They do have a hazard of flooding, but are flooded very infref[uently, and corn and other crops can be planted after the danger of flood- ing has passed. There are only 86 acres of these soils in the county. Corydon Series Tlie Corydcm series consists of shallow soils developed from limestone of various degrees of i)urity in the Great Valley of Washington County. The Coi-ydon soils gen- erally are on long ridges somewhat above most of the valley. They are young soils, shallow to bedrock, and many areas are rocky to extremely rocky because of the many outcrops of limestone. Corydon soils diifer from the Hagerstown soils of the same valley. They are much less red than the Hagerstown soils, have a nutch more weakly developed profile, and are invariably shallow to bedrock. The Hagerstown soils are normally deep. The Corydon soils are itsed extensively for pasture. Where there are few or no outcrops of limestone, they are sometimes used for general cro})S. but they tend to be droughty because of their shallow depth over the rock. 22 SOIL SUK\'EY SERIES 19 5 9, NO. 17 Pi'olilc ol" CorvdoH clay loniu, 0 lo l) ptTcont sloj)es, in an area of cntover forest about 200 ysirds west of Fairview Church Koad, three-tenths of a mile south of the Pennsylvania State line: Ai 0 to 4 inches: dark-brown (7. SYR 3/2) clay loam or heavy silty clay loam; moderate, medium, crumb structure; moderately hard to hard when dry, friable to some- what firm when moist, and moderately plastic and sticky wiien wet; roots abundant; slightly acid; clear to abrupt, smooth to wavy boundary; horizon is 1 to 4 incln^s thick. B2 4 to 13 inches: strong-brown (7. SYR 5/8) clay loam, very slightly variegated or variable in color; moderate, medium to strong, blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm when moist, and [)lastic and sticky when wet; roots rather plentiful; many fine but few large I)ores; slightly acid; abru()t, wavy to irregular bound- ary; horizon is 2 to 12 inches thick. •C 13 to 14 inches: variegated reddish and yellowish to lUmost white, structureless gritty clay; very hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; mildly alkaline; abrupt, irregular to l)roken boundary; horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick. Dr 14 inches +: hard, dark-gray limestone containing many fine ([uartz im])urities. Tliere is rather great variability in the (yorydon soils. Colors ranoe from yellowish throuah hi'owii to almost red, and depth ranges from practically none to as muc-h as 20 inches or more. Either the A, H, or C horizon may be absent in places, especially the C horizon, where the subsoil rests abruptly on bedrock. The limestone bedrock may be fairly pure or may contain consideral)le chert or, in places, shale. The Corydon soils are well drained, and the very shallow areas are excessively drained. They tend to be droughty, and have a low or very low moisture-suppl3'ing capacity. Tliey are fertile enough and would be i)roductive if moisture deficiences could be corrected. Corydon clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (CwA). — This is the best soil of the Corydon series in the county. It has the prolile described. There are few outcrops of limestone. Tlie clay loam surface soil tends to be rather hard and intractible when only sliglitly too dry, and sticky and plastic and tends to form clods if it is i)lowed when slightly too wet. Even at optimum moisture content, the soil is difficult to plow and cultivate. The 309 acres of this soil are classified in capability unit IIIs-2. Corydon clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CwB2). — The slope of this clayey soil is great enough that runoff is fairly rapid. The resuUing erosion hazard is probably of more significance than the difficulty of handling, although that problem is also an important one. The 1,000 acres of this soil are in capability unit IIIe-30. Corydon clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (CwC2). — This soil tends to be shallower than the more gently slo2)ing Corydon soils. There is greater danger of erosion, and there may be more outcrops of rock. With very good management, crops can be grown, although most of this soil is used for pasture. The 200 acres are in capability unit IVe-1. Corydon extremely rocky clay loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes (CxC). — This soil has a profile like the one described in detail, but there are extremely numerous outcrops of limestone. These outcrops and extremely shallow areas occupy as much as 90 percent of the surface in many places. Tillage of any kind is out of the question, and the surface is too rocky for mowing, except by hand. Best uses of this soil would be for woodlots or for very limited grazing. The 405 acres are in capability unit Vlls-l. Corydon very rocky clay loam, 3 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded (CyE2). — This soil has a pi'olile like the Corydon clay loam described, but it has many outcrops of limestone and areas of thin soil over bedrock. It is not nearly so rocky, however, as (he Corydon extremely rocky clay loam ; in most places between 25 to 40 percent of the surface is affected by rock. Erosion has been active in many places. Tillage is not imj)ossible, but, because of the rocks, steep sloi)e, aiul erosion hazard, it is generally im- practical. The soil is best suited to pasture or woodland and is in capability unit VIs-1. There are 857 acres. Dekalb Series The Dekalb series consists of excessively drained, ex- tremely acid, shallow, stony soils on light-colored, quartz- it ic .sandstone in high pai'ts of the county. Profile of Dekalb very stony saiuly loam. 0 to 25 per- cent slopes, in a forested ai'ea near the sununit of Sideling Hill, on Eiser Road three-tenths of a mile south of its intersection with U.S. Highway No. 40: Ai 0 to 1/2 inch: black (lOYR 2/1) very stony sandy loam; weak, fine, granular structure; soft when dry, very friable when moist, and nonijlastic and nonsticky when wet; roots plentiful; very strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary; horizon is 0 to 1 incli thick. A2 1/2 to 1 inch: dark-gray (SY 4/1) very stony sandy loam; single-grain structure; very low density with ashy appearance; soft and floury when dry, loose when moist, and noii])lastic and nonsticky when wet; roots plentiful; very rapidly permeable; extremely acid; abrupt, wavy boundary; liorizon is 0 to 1 inch thick. B 1 to 15 inches: yellow (lOYR 7/6) very stony and very channery sandy loam; very weak, medium crumb to granular structure; soft to very slightly hard when dry, loose to very h'iable when moist, and nonplastic and nonsticky when wet; a few large, woody roots; very rapidly permeable; 50 to 70 percent stones and flagstones of c(uartzitic sandstone; extremely acid; gradual, irregular boundarv; horizon is 10 to 20 inches thick. C 15 to 43 inches: brownish-yellow (lOYR 6/6), extremely channery and stony loamy sand or gritty sandy loam; no structure; loose when dry or moist, and nonplastic and nonsticky when wet; a very few woody roots; very rapidly to extremely permeable; ranges from about 70 percent rock fragments in upper part to almost solid rock at 43 inches; extremely acid; grad- ual to abrupt, irregular to broken boimdarv; horizon is 2 to 6 feet thick. Dr 43 inches -|- : very hard, light-colored, quartzitic sand- stone. Either of the surface layers may be ab.sent, more often the Aj horizon. Both are absent in cultivated or eroded areas. In places there is a very thin, dark-brown, stained layer at the upper boundary of the B horizon. This is a distinct soil horizon, but, when present, it is seldom as nmch as one-fourth inch thick. Dekalb and Leetonia very stony sandy loams, 0 to 25 percent slopes (DeD). — This mapping unit consists of both Dekalb and Leetonia very stonj' sandy loams. These soils are not suited to crops or pasture. Most of the areas are in forest, and foi-estry is probably their most economic use. There are 1,762 acres, in capability unit VIIs-2. Dekalb and Leetonia very stony sandy loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes (DeE). — On these steep soils the manage- "WASIIIN'GTOX rorXTV. MAini.AM) 23 ment ol' i hhIht is diHicull. However, there is little other opportunity for fcoiioinic ivtiii'ii. TIumv niv KOaG acres, ill capahilit y unit VIIs--J. Dekalb and Leetonia very stony sandy loams, 45 to 60 percent slopes (DeF). — Tht'sc sti-cp slopes arc so i'ouark and i-ecreational ))Ui-poses. The 201 acres aiv in canability unit VIIs-2. Dekalb and Lenew very stony loams, 0 to 25 percent slopes (DkD). — This unit consists cliielly of vei-y stony loams of tlie Dekalb and the Lelunv series. The Dekalb soil of tliis unit has a prolile like the one described in detail, except that it is somewhat finer textured throntrli- out. The jirofile of the Lehew soil is like the one de- scribed for the Lehew series. Included also are some small areas in wliich the stones are remnants of hard, cherty limestone. These soils are much too stony for cultivation, and a'ra/.iiia' would be ))oor. liazardous, and impractical. Woodhind is the most suitable and economic use. The 281 acres aic in capability unit VlIs-2. Dekalb and Lehew very stony loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes (DkE). — These are steep soils. iVlthough they are in capability unit VIIs-2, their steepness and roughness limit harvesting of the trees that will grow, so the soils are less useful than those that are not so steep. There are 493 acres, of which about 76 acres have a slope steeper than 45 percent, and about 11 acres contain some outcrops of limestone. Duflfield Series The Duffield series consists of deep, well-drained soils in many parts of the limestone valleys on limestone inter- bedded with thin seams of shale. The Duffield soils have a profile similar to that of the Hagerstown soils, but they are dominantly yellowish instead of reddish and the sub- soil is not quite so fine textured. The Duffield soils are also similar to the Frankstown soils, but they are deeper, on the average, and their parent material contains less shale and chert. The Duffield soils are most extensive in the central and eastern parts of the Great Limestone Valley. They are excellent agricultural soils and, next to the Hagers- town, they are the most extensive soils in the county. The Duffield soils are fertile and highly productive under good management. They are limited in use only by the hazard of erosion and, in some places, by stones or rock outcrops. Profile of Duffield silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in a cultivated area just south of U.S. Highway No. 40, two- tenths of a mile northwest of its intersection with Cool Hollow Road: Ap 0 to 8 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4) silt loam; nioflorato, fine, crumb structure; slightly to moder- alcly hard when dry, friable when moist, and moder- ately i)lastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots abundant; slightly acid to neutral; clear, smooth boundary; horizon is 6 to 8 inches thick. Bji 8 to 14 inches: brownish-yellow (lOYR 6/6), light silty clay loam; moderate, fine, suVjangular blocky struc- ture; moderately hard when dry, friable to slightly firm when moist, and moderately plastic and moder- ately sticky when wet; roots plentiful; many fine and medium pores; upper surface apparently a plowsole. being Hoiiiewhat (;oini)uct((l ; incfliiim acid; gradual, wavv bouiidurv; horizon \h 4 to 7 inches thick. I I to 28 inciics: fcddisii-yellow (7. SYR <)/6j silty cluy loam; strong, medium, blocky and Niibangiilar blocky structure; iiard to v(!ry hard wIkmi dry, firm wlieii moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots plenti- ful in upper portion; al)iindant fine; and some iiie'iiuMi pores; patciiy, self-colrtred clay skins and some scat tered, black films on aggregates; slightly acid; grad- ual, wavy boundary; horizon is 12 to 20 inches thick. B23 28 to 48 inches: variegated reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/6 and 7/8) silty clay hjani; strong, medium to coarse, blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm wh(!n moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; practically no roots; mofierately slowly permeable; stnjiig but fiiscontin- uous, self-colored clay skins and abundant black films on aggregates; neutral; gradual, wavy boundary; horizon is 12 to 24 inches thick. C 48 to 60 inches + : speckled, streaked, and variegated strong-brown, reddish-yellow, pale-yellow, and black silty clay loam containing about 50 percent partially decomposed hard shale; weak, coarse, irregular, blocky to slightly laminar structure; hard when dry, very firm when moist, and plastic and very sticky when wet; no roots; neutral. The thickness of the soil is variable, l)ut all Duffield soils are normally deep. Dei)th to the substratum ranges from about 3() to as much as GO inches. In places a few frag- ments of shale are in the profile. There may be occasional outcrops of shaly limestone, and some areas are very rocky to extremely rocky because of outcropping ledires. Nearly all crops are grown on the Duffield soils, including much hay and pasture. Only small areas are in orchard, however, probably because air drainage is not good enough in most valley positions. Duffield extremely rocky silt loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes (DuC). — This .soil is like the silt loam described ex- cept that from about 40 to nearly 90 percent of the surface is occupied by outcrops of shaly limestone. Slopes are not great and erosion has not been especially active, but the soil is much too rocky for cultivation or for good pasture management. This soil will furnish some very limited grazing, and it makes excellent woodlots. There are 1.279 acres, in cai)ability unit VIIs-1. Duffield silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (DmA). — This soil has the profile that is described as representative of the series. It is the best Duffield soil, suited to all crops, highly productive, and not subject to deterioration under ordinary good farming practices. The 3,352 acres are in capability unit I-l. Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (DmB2). — These moderate slopes of Duffield silt loam have had some soil removed hy erosion, but the soil is still an excellent one and is highly productive under good management. This soil occupies 16,338 acres. It is in capability unit IIe-1. About 32 scattered acres have been sevei'ely eroded. Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (DmC2). — This soil is suited to all the crops of the area, but it should have longer rotations and more careful erosion-control measures than the similar but more gently sloping soil. The 4.739 acres are in capability unit IIIe-1. Duffield silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded (DmD3). — On this soil, erosion has been so dam- ajrinfr that creat care must be used if the soil is to con- tinue to produce any clean-cultivated crops. Long rota- tions are in order, so that the soil is under sod most of the time. The 99 acres are in capability unit IVe-1. 24 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 19 59, NO. 17 Duffield silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (DmD2). — Tliis soil is fairly stt'cp, hut t'i'osiou has not been especially active. Tjont? rotations, with sod crops at least 4 out of 5 yeai'S, will lielp protect the soil against further damage. There are G69 acres, in capabil- ity unit lVe-1. Duffield very rocky silt loam, li to 15 percent slopes (DvC). — This soil is vei-y much like the othei's of the series that haA'e a similar range of slope, except that from about 12;") to 10 percent of tlie surface is occupied by limestone outcrops. In some places between outcrops, the soil is shallow or very shallow over ledges of limestone. The soil is too rocky foi- regular cultivation. Tt is e.xcellent for permanent pasture or for woodland, l>ul. it' pastures are overgrazed, tlie soil will be sul)ject to some deteriora- tion. There are 1, areas is steep, and ei'osion has been active. Tf used I'oi- well-managed improved pasture or for woodlaiul, rui-th(M' erosion can be pi'actically eliiuinalcd. The 17S acres ai'c in capahilily unit VIs-1. Diinmore Series The Dunmore series consists of w ell draiiu'd, deep soils with a very tine textured subsoil, on ridges of cherty liuu'- stone in the western part of the county. These ridges lie above most of the other soils of the iunnediate areas. Higher than the Dunmore soils, in some places on the same ridges, are soils of the Elliber and Frederick series. The Duiunore soils are not extensive, since they occu])y less than 100 aci-es, but they are impoi-tant where they occur. They are very productive under good management and are used for all crops. Tn the Hancock area, the Dun- more soils are especially well liked for orchards. Profile of Dunmore cherty silt loam, •') to 8 ])ercent slo])es, moderately eroded, in a woodland 7.") yards east of T^.S. Highway No. ^r22 just north of Hancock and about six-tenths of a mile south of the Pennsylvania State line: A, 0 to t) inches: very dark Ijrown (lOYR 2 2) cherty .'iilt loam; strong, fine, crumb to granular structure; slightly to moderately hard when dry, frial)le when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots abundant; strongly acid; clear to abrupt boundary; horizon is 4 to 6 inches thick. A.. 6 to II inches: dark-brown (lOYR 4/3) cherty silt loam; moderate, fine, crumb to granular structure; moder- ately hard when dry, friable when moist, and moder- ately i)lastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots plentihil; many pores of all sizes; medium acid; clear, abrupt boundary; horizon is 3 to 6 inches thick. B21 11 to 21 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/6) very cherty silty clay loam; moderate, fine to medium, sub- angular ijlocky structure; moderately hard to hard when dry, moderately firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots rather few; many fine and medium pores; medium acid; gradual, wavy boundary; horizon is 8 to 18 inches thick. Bs.n 21 to 40 inches: strong-brown (7.5YR 5/8), cherty, heavy clay loam to clay; very slightly and faintly streaked with reddish yellow and yellowish red (7.5YR 6/8 and SYR 5/6) ; strong, medium to coarse, blocky structure; hard when dry, firm when moist, and sticky and very plastic when wet; a very few roots; many fine but few large pores; thin, self-colored clay skins common; strongly to very strongly acid; gradvial, wavy boundary; horizon is 14 to 20 inches thick. Bat 40 to 54 inches -|- : coarsely vari{!gated, yellowish-red and yellowish-brown (5YR 5/6 and 1()YR 5/8) clay; comixHuifi, weak, medium, i)laty and very strong, tncdium, l)locky strut^ture; hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky wlien wet; a few isolatecl roots; conunon, h(>avy, red clay skins and a few black films on aggregates; ])ractical]y no chert; strongly lo very strongly acid; grades with depth, first to disintegrated limestone, and finall\' to hard, cherty limestone. 'J'here is very little vai'iation in the Dunmore soils in Washington County. .Mlhougli they ai-e well enough di-aim^d, these soils ha\e slow ovei'all permeahilily because of the hiu'-textured lower subsoils. Dunmore cherty silt loam, to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (DyB2). — Most of this soil is used for orchards. The .soil is well suited to this use and is suitable for all the conunon cro])S. There are 44 acres, in capa- bility luiit IIe-1. Dunmore cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (DyC2). — This soil needs especially good management lo control erosion, as ruiu)tf is ra])id on a soil with heavy subsoil on such slopes. This soil is suitable for all crops. It occu[>ies 50 acres and is in capa- bility unit llle 1." Diinning^ Series The Dunning series consists of very poorly drained, dark -colored soils in recently deposited alluvial materials. The T)unning soils are on flood plains and are nuule up chiefly of materials washed from aivas of limestone and limestone soils. They are })resent, along with soils of the Huntington, Tjiiulside, Melvin, and in places the Warners series, on these flood plains, mostly along the smaller streams within the limestone valley sections of the cQunty. The Dunning soils are fairly extensi\e and are wide- spread in the county. They were )U)t mapped by them- selves in this county. They were mapped only in com- bination with many small areas of Melvin soils, which have a lighter gray surface layer and are not quite so poorly di'ained. The Melvin soils ai'e described elsewhere in their regular alpliabetical order. Profile of Dunning silty clay loam, in a natural meadow area about 75 yards west of State Koad No. ()4, two-tenths of a mile north of its intersection with Gardenhour Road: A„ 0 to 3 inches: very dark brown (lOYR 2/2) silty clay loam; no apparent structure; hard to very hard when dry, friable when moist, plastic and sticky when wet; roots abundant; this horizon appar- ently consists of fairly recent overwash material; mildly alkaline; gradual, smooth boundary; hori- zon is 2 to 4 inches thick. Ai2g 3 to 6 inches: very dark grayish-brown (lOYR 3 2) silty clay loam; about 20 percent medium, faint mottles of dark olive gray (5Y 3/2) ; very weak, coarse, crumb structure; hard when dry, friable when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots plentiful to abundant; this horizon also is apparently fairly recent overwash; mildly alka- line; clear to abrupt, smooth boundary; horizon is 2 to 3 inches thick. Ai3gb 6 to 12 inches: dark olive-gray (5Y 3/2) silty clay loam; about 10 percent medium, distinct mottles of dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4); very weak, coarse, blocky structure; moderately hard to hard when dry, friable to rather firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots fairly plentiful; gritty, containing a noticeable amount of fine and medium WASIIINC'ION COUN'rV, MAKVLAM) 25 siiiul; this is ;i|)|);u'('ii( ly u iiiiich iililcr A iidri/.Dii tlint iiius l)c'cii buried l)y ovorwasii ; mildly alka- line; abru])!, smooth houndary; horizon is 4 to 8 inciics thick. Ci„ 12 to IS inches: black (5Y 2/1) very fine sandy clay loam slightly streaked with olive (5Y 4/3); com- pound, weak, very coarse platy and weak, nu>diuni to coarse, blocky structure; nioly hard to hard when dry, firm when moist, and sticky and very plastic when wet; few roots; abundant very fine pores; neutral; gradual, smooth boundary; horizon is 5 to am to loamy coarse sand; no structure; slightly to moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and nonplastic but very sliglitly sticky when wet; no roots; rapidly per- meable; this is a water-bearing stratum of low density, with distinct flowage when saturated; mildly alkaline. Tlie overwash layers are not present everywhere, and in some places they are tliicker than those described. The subsoil in some places is lighter grixy and the mottling is more prominent than in the typical profile. The surface layer may l)e darker with a liioher content of oro;anic matter. The Dimnino: soils lia\ e a hiemont and Laidi«>' channery loams, 35 to 60 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded (EdF2). — These soils are sleep, but, if kept in good sod, they could be safely grazed on a limited or occasional basis. Otherwise, they should be kept in forest oi- ])lanted to forest. There are aci'es, in ("qjability miit ^Te-L!. Edgemont and Laidig very stony loams, 0 to 5 per- cent slopes (EgA). — The soils of this unit are eithei' Kdge- mont or Laidig soils, but on the average about 40 to 50 percent of tlie surface is occupied by stones and occasional boulders and rock outcrops. Some of these areas may be mowed, but general cultivation is impractical. If they remain in forest or are used for pasture, these soils are not subject to deterioration. The 127 acres are in capa- bility unit Vs-2. Edgemont and Laidig very stony loams, 5 to 35 per- cent slopes (EgD). — These soils have enough slo])e that they will erode under use as pasture if they are not well managed. Stoniness is the most limiting factor. The soils are suitable for controlled grazing or for woodland. Timbering should be botli practical and economical. There are r2,.")24 acres of tliese soils in tlie county, in capability unit VIs-2. Edgemont and Laidig very stony loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes (EgF). — These soils are so stony and steep that they aie of little agricultural importance, except for their natural timber. Timber operations will be dif- ficult, and forest management, especially restocking arti- licially, nuiv not be pi'acfical. There are 771 acres, in capa- bility" unit 'VIIs-2. Elliber Series The Elliber series consists of deep, Avell-drained soils on sharp ridges of very impure, cherty limestone in the Appalachian ridge and valley section of the western part of the county. In many places the Elliber soils are near areas of the Frederick and the Dunmore soils. They are less red than the Frederick soils and do not have a heavy subsoil like that of the Dunmore soils. These soils are fairly extensive. Tliey are fairly fertile and productive, but they are not widely used for agri- culture because of the dominant steep slopes, They are po):)ular for orchards, especially in the Hancock area. Profile of Elliber chei'ty loam, 5 to 12 pei'cent slopes, moderately eroded, at a point one-fourth mile west of Hollow Road, seven-tenths of a mile south of the Pennsyl- vania State line : Ai 0 to 2 inches: black (lOYR 2/1) cherty loam; weak, fine, granular structure; soft when dry, very friable when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots abundant; slightly acid; clear, wavy bound- ar}'; horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick. Aj 2 to 8 inches: dark-brown (lOYR 4/3), gritty, cherty loam; weak, medium, granular structure; slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist, and sliglitly plastic and sliglitly sticky when wet; roots plentiful to abundant; many i)ores of all si/,(!s; medium acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 5 to 8 inches thick. B2 8 to 31 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4), gritty, cherty, heavy loam; weak to moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure, readily crushing to single grains; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots ])lentiful; moderately rapidly i)ermeable or rap- idly permeable; strongly acid; gradual, wavy to irreg- ular boundary; horizon is 20 to 28 inches thick. Ha 31 to 39 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4), very gritty and very cherty, light silt loam; very weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots fairly mimerous; mcjderately rapidly permeable or rapidly permeable; strongly acitl; abru[)t, irregular l)ounrlarv ; horizon is 8 to 15 inclies thick. Dr 39 inches +: ledges of liard, cherty limestone. In many places there is a thin C horizon or layer of soft, decomposed rock just above the hai'd bedrock. There is considerable variation in the amount of chert in the soil, and in some places there are outcrops or boulders of hard, cherty limestone. In some places the subsoil is a little redder than that in the profile described, par- ticularly in areas close to soils of the Frederick series. Locally, drainage may be somewhat excessive, particularly in six)ts where the content of chert is high. Deep-rooted sod crops, including well-sodded orchards, are especially suited to these soils. Elliber cherty loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (EhB2). — The slope of this soil is moderate, and there has been some active erosion. However, the soil is suited to general cultivation under good manage- ment. Tliei(> ai'e r)2n acres, in (■a])al)ility unit IIe-20. Elliber cherty loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (EhD2). — The shjpe of this .soil is steep enough that intensive protection must be })i'ovided if cul- tivated crops ai'e grown. The soil is widely used for orchards. Tlie 71!) acres ai-e in capability unit IIIe-2f). Elliber cherty loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (EhE2). — On these steej) slopes there has been some erosion. Clean cultivation should be avoided wherever possible, but the soil is well suited to orchards and sod crops. There ai-e 629 acres, in capability imit VIe-1. Elliber cherty loam, 45 to 55 percent slopes (EhF). — This is the .steepest Elliber soil. Practically all of the areas are in forest and should remain so. There are 81 acres, including 15 acres that have a somewhat redder subsoil than normal. This soil could be used for limited grazing, or for forestry, but cultivation would be im- practical. It is in capability unit VIIe-1. Eroded Land There are many areas in all parts of Washington County that have been severely eroded until they no longer are true soils, but rather remnants of soil materials. Although in most places the original soil series can be estimated from what remains, a more uniform and satisfactory classification of such land can be made by simply naming the kind of soil material involved. WASIIIN'OTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 27 111 \\'asliiiine materials (Em). — This se- verely eroded soil occupies scattered areas, mostly in rieasant Valley. Adjacent soils are <^enerally of the P^iucpiier and Myersville series. The remaining? material consists mostly of soft, decomposed <>;i'eenstone or meta- basalt, with many fra<;ments of harder rock. In some ])laces there is a little soil left between gullies, but the f^uUies are either very close, or very deep, or both. In other places sheet erosion has removed all of the true soil, leavin*; only rou<:h and ixullied parent material or, in places, bedrock. Slopes ranj^e I'rom about 10 to 45 percent. Such areas are not suitable for crops, and, as a rule, are not suited even to grazing. Vegetation can be re- established, however, if care and effort are used to do so. Although these areas are of little value in themselves, they should have treatment to prevent their enlargement. They are always hazards to other land, because runoff from them will cause erosion damage to spread. If re- vegetated, they will not only be less of a threat to agri- cultural land, but they can be of some value as wildlife protection areas or as woodlots. There are 101 acres of this kind of eroded land in the county, in capability unit VIIe-2. Eroded land, limestone materials (En). — This land consists of severely eroded areas of what were once soils of the DufReld, Frankstown, Frederick, Hagerstown, and ]\Iurrill series. Rocky areas are not included. Because these materials were derived from or underlain by lime- stone, they are potentially somewhat more fertile and useful than many of the severely eroded, nonlimestone areas. Because of this, they are placed in capability unit VIIe-1. There are 617 acres in the county. Eroded land, sandstone and quartzite materials (Er). — These are scattered remnants of what were once soils of the Dekalb, Edgemont, Holston, Monongahela, and Waynesboro series. The areas have been very severely eroded and are strongly or very strongly acid. Reestab- lishing some kind of protective vegetation is likely to be more difficult than on areas of greenstone or limestone materials. The 221 acres are in capal)ility unit VIIe-2. Eroded land, shale and schist materials (Es). — This land consists of areas that were the shallow and somewhat droughty Buchanan, Berks, Calvin, Hazel, Litz, Chandler, Talladega, Teas, or Montevallo soils. It has been very severely eroded, and, with only tlie underlying shaly or channery parent material, or in places bare bedrock re- maining, revegetation may be slow and difficult. It will be worthwhile if some protection of adjacent lands is accomplished. There are 3,890 acres of this land in the county, in capability unit VIIe-3. Etowah Series The Etowah series consists of deep, well-drained, red soils on old stream terraces. The materials from which these soils have been developed are very old deposits of alluvium that originally washed from areas of soils on liiiiesloiie. The I'Jowiili s<»ils are in I lie ^aiiic localities as the Hagerstown, Duflield, and Frankstown soils of the valley uplands and the Huntington, Lindside, and other soils of the flood plains or bottom lands. The Etowah soils strongly resemble tli(! Waynesboro soils, but the Waynesboro soils have developed in sand- stone and shale materials on the terraces instead of in limestone materials. The Etowah soils, as a rule, are only slightly acid, but the Waynesboro soils are very strongly acid. The Etowah soils are fertile and productive and are mostly in crops or pastures. Only a few small areas remain in woodland. Profile of Etowah gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, at a point in a cultivated area 30 yards south of State Road No. ()0, about six-tenths of a mile west of State Road No. 62, on a terrace of Antietam Creek just west of Leitersburg: Ap 0 to 9 inches: yello\vish-l)r(jwii (lOYR .5/4), gravelly, heavy loam; moderate, fine, crumb structure; moderately liard when dry, friable when moist, slightly plastic and slightly sticiiy when wet; roots abundant; about 1.5 percent waterworn chert gravel; medium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary; horizon is 7 to 10 inches thick. Bi 9 to 16 inches;" reddish-yellow (7. SYR 6/6), gravelly, slightly gritty, heavy silt loam; moderate to strong, fine, subangular blocky structure; hard when dry, moderately firm when moist, and {)lastic and sticky when wet; roots fairly j)lentiful; many fine and medium pores; about 20 percent waterworn chert gravel; slightly acid; gradual to clear, smooth bound- arv; horizon is 4 to 9 inches thick. B., 16 to 33 inches: yellowish-red (SYR S/6 to 5/8), gravelly, slightly gritty silty clay loam; strong, medium, blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; a few roots in upper part; many fine and a few medium pores; strong, self- colored clay skins on aggregate surfaces and in root channels; about 2S percent waterw'orn chert gravel; neutral; abrupt, smooth boundary; horizon is 12 to 20 inches thick. C 33 to 42 inches + : yellowish-red (SYR 4/6) very gravelly coarse sandy clay; massive; slightly to moderately hard when dry, friable to firm when moist, and moder- ately plastic and sticky when wet; no roots; moder- ately slowly permeable; neutral to mildly alkaline. The greatest variations in the Etowah soils in the county are in the content of gravel in the surface layer and sub- soil and in the depth to the highly gravell}' substratum. Some areas are practically free of gravel, particularly in the surface layer. Depth to the substratum is 24 to -10 inches or more, but most areas are at least 36 inches deep. The profile in some areas is slightly less red than the profile described; in other areas it is more red. Etowah gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (EtA). — There are 97 acres of this nearly level soil, all of them in use. Because the soil is w^ell drained, nearlj^ level, productive, and subject to practically no hazard, it is placed in capability miit I-l. Etowah gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (EtB2). — This soil, which occupies 363 acres, is sloping and has been somewhat eroded. Because of the erosion hazard, the soil is placed in capability unit IIe-1. Etowah gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (EtC2). — The slope of this soil is great enough so that it must be carefully managed and protected for full use. The 182 acres of this soil are in capability unit IIIe-1. 28 SOIL SURVEY SKHIES 1959, NO. 17 Etowah gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (EtD2). — Tliis is I he stcepesl of (lie P^lowali soils. ThtMv are only 40 acres. In about 9 acres tlie profile is more silty and less g-ravelly (ban the one described. About (1 acres have slopes slialitly more than ^5 percent. All of these areas should be ke])t in sod most of the time, but an occasional cultivated crop in a lon<>' I'otation may be ])V()(bic('(l. Tills soil is in ca|)abilily unit IVe-1. Etowah silt loam, 0 to '.i percent slopes (EwA). — This soil contains little <>'ravel in the surface layer, and the surface layer is much more silly than that of the gravelly loams. This is an excellent soil, suited to all crops, and subject to no particular hazard. Tlie 154 acres are in ca])ability unit I-l. Etowah silt loam, to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (EwB2). — Tiiis soil has enouiiii slope lo be subject to some ei'osion. It is suitable for all crops -h so that particularly <>-ood manafrenient is required for full use wit]u)ut dama<;e. The 188 acres are in capability unit nie-1. Fauquier Series The Fauquier series consists of deej), well -drained, red soils that have been developed from materials weathered from a rock known as greenstone, or, more properly, meta- basalt. The Fauquier soils occur in valleys and also on ridges and on low mountains of the Blue Ridge. They are the most pi'ominent soils of the Pleasant Valley area between Soutli ^lountain and Elk Eidge. In the valleys they are closely associated with the Myersville soils, and on the mouiitains, with the Highfield soils. The soils of both the ]\[yersville and Highfield series are similar to the Faucjuier but are nuich less red. All of these soils have developed from the same parent rock. The Fauquier soils are both extensive and important in Washington County. They are fertile and productive, more or less easily managed, and, except for the most stony areas, are intensively used for general crops, hay, pasture, and orchards. Profile of Fauquier channery loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, in a small wooded area three-tenths of a mile directly south of the public school at Rohrersville : Ai 0 to 4 inches: dark reddish-brown (SYR 3/2), channery, heavy loam; moderate, coarse, crumb structure; mod- erately hard when dry, friable when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots abundant; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary; hori- zon is 2 to 5 inches thick. A2 4 to 9 inches: yellowish-red (5YR 4/6), channery, heavy loam or light silt loam; moderate, medium, crumb structure; moderately hard wlien dry, friable when moist, and slightly plastic and sticky when wet; roots plentiful; abundant fine and medium pores; medium acid; clear to abrupt, wavy boundar\-; horizon is 3 to 6 inches thick. B21 9 to 20 inches: yellowish-red (5YR 5/6), channery, heavy silt loam; moderate, medium, subtingular blocky structure; hard when dry, friable to firm when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots fairly plentiful; many fine and medium pores; medium "acid; gradual, wavy boundary; hori- zon is 8 to 15 inches thick. B.,2 20 to 41 inches: red (2.5YR 4/8) channery silty clay loam; very strong, medium, blocky and subangular" blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; very few roots; itiany fine but few large })ores; heavy, almost continuous, S(?lf- colored clay skins; strongly acid; gradual, wavy l)(>uiidary; horizon is 15 to 30 inches thick. B23 41 to 50 inches: variegated vellowish-red, rcddisli-vcllow, and brownish-yellow (5VR 5/8, 7.5VR (i/S, ami lOYR 6/8) silty clay loam to silty clay; very strong, coarse, blocky and subangular blocky structure; luird when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; practically no roots; many fine but few large pores; contains some stoiu! fragments, mostly highly decomposed; almost contimious, self- colored clay skins and disconl inuous, black films; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 8 to 12 inches thick. Ci 50 to ()2 inches: very .slightly variegated but essentially yellowish-red (5YR 4/8), decomposed metabasalt schist; inherited laminar structure; very hard when dry, firm or very firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; no roots; a few heavy, red clay flows and some black films; medium to strongly acid ; grad- ual, irregular boundary; horizcjn is 10 to 1 5 inches thick. C2 62 to 72 inches +: highly variegated red, reddish-brown, vellowish-brown, and olive-l)rown (2.5VR 4/6, 5VR 4/4, lOYR 5/6, and 2.5Y 4/4), partly de(;omposed metabasalt schist ; very hard to extremely liard when dry, and very firm when moist or wet; medium acid. Tlie greatest variation in the Fauquier soils is in the amoimt and size of rock fragments. The silt loams have practically no fragments; tlie channery loams have many flat fragments as miicli as V> inches in length: and the very stony loams, in some places, are ledgy and boul- dery. A shallow ])hase of t he silt loam, less than 24 inches deep to the siibsti'atum, is ])resent in some places. Culti- vated areas have brown surface soil where there has been little erosion, and red surface soil where erosion has been severe. Some of the stony and steep soils, particularly in the moimtains, have somewhat less strongly developed horizons than those descrilied. Fauquier channery loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes (FaB). — This soil has the profile described. Althougli most areas have been cidtivated, there is little erosion because of the low risk and general good management. This fairly easily nuiiutged, productive soil is in capal)ility unit I— i. There ai'e 244 acres. Fauquier channery loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (FqB2). — This is an extensive soil tliat covers 1,735 acres. Slopes are great enough so that there has been active, btit not severe, erosion in most places. The soil is suitable for all crops grown in the area and is in capability unit 1 Ie-4. Fauquier channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded (FaC2). — This soil occupies 1,144 acres. Ik'cause of the slope, intensive good management is re- quired to prevent erosion. The soil is in capability unit Ille— t. Included, however, are 32 acres that have been rather severely eroded. These included areas, shown on the soil map, should be kept in sod or otherwise managed as if they were in capability tniit VIe-2. Fauquier channery loam. 20 to 35 percent slopes, moderately eroded (FaE2). — Here are 271 acres sufficiently steep so that their use for cultivated crops is strongly limited. Only about one cultivated crop in every 4 or 5 years should be grown, with the surface protected by sod most of the time. This soil is in capability unit IVe-3. WASI IIM; ION COUNTY, MAHVKAXD 29 Fauquier silt loam, 0 to ."5 percent slopes (FsA). This soil, -A sill loiuu, is like tiic soil dcscrihcd in the typical prolilc, o.\c('i)t that the surl'iicc layer is soiiiowliat liiii'i' in texture and there are few, if any, rock fraj^nients. These nioi-e level areas, luakinp: up 41 acres, are in (•af)al)ility unit I^. Fauquier silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (FsB2). — Tliis soil is sloping- and soincwhal (M'odcd. It is an excellent soil, but it needs the nianains and similar inter- pretations. Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes (FwA). — The Duflield soil in this mapi)ing unit con(ains more coarse rock fraj^ments than the Duf- field soils that are not mixed with Frankstown soils. These nearly level soils are not subject to any particular hazard if they are cultivated and well mana<;ed. They are in capability unit 11. Tliei e are 244 acres. Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (FwB2). — This is an extensive ma[)|)in- scrilx'd and I he mildest slopes of any soil (d" tiie Fi-ed- erick sei'ies in lln' county. Ki'osion has been fairly active in many places, I)ut it has not been .severe. This soil is suited to all crops, but, because of the hazard of erosion, it is in capability unit IIe-t2(l. There are 711 acivs. Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (FyC2). — Erosion has not been severe on this soil, but, because of tlie dan<>-er of ei'osion on the slopes, the soil is in capability luut lIIc-26. There arc 672 acres. Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded (FyC3). — This soil lias been so sovei'ely eroded that it is suitable for only an occasional clean- tilled crop. The surface must be protected, as by sod, most of the time. Pasture, hay crops, and sodded orchard are suitable uses. There are 63 acres, in capability unit IVe-26. Frederick cherty silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded (FyD2). — This soil has been oidy mod- erately eroded, and it is in capability unit IVe-26. There are 517 acres. The soil is excellent for orcliards. Frederick cherty silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded (FyD3). — Erosion has taken so much of this soil that cultivation is no longer safe. The soil would be a good one for pennanent pasture, liowever, or perhaps for sodded and carefully managed orchards. This soil occupies 57 acres and is in capabilitv unit VIe-1. Frederick cherty silt loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded (FyE2). — Erosion has not been very active on tliis soil, mostly because many of the areas are still in forest. Any cultivation would be very hazardous, and permanent pasture would be a more practical and safer use. There are 465 acres, in capability unit VIe-1. Hagerstown Series The Hagerstown series consists of deep, well-drained, reddish soils that have been developed in materials weathered from hard, fairly pure limestone. The Hagers- town soils in some places contain scattered to very numer- ous outcropping ledges of limestone. Tliese soils are used for all crops, but, where there is much surface rock, cultivation is hindered and the usefulness of the soils may be somewhat to very strongly limited. Soils of the Hagerstown series are the most extensive and important in the county. They are important in the highly developed agriculture of the limestone areas. The Hagerstown soils are associated with many other soils, but most notably with those of the Benevola, Corydon, Duffield, and Frankstown series. Profile of Hagerstown silt loam in a forested area 1 mile north of Keedysville on State Road No. 34: Ai 0 to 3 inches: dark-brown (7. SYR 3/2) silt loam; moderate, fine to medium, granular structure; very friable when moist, moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots abundant; neutral; clear to abrupt boundary. 599553—62 3 3 to 8 iiiclics: l)ro\vn (7.!i\']i 4/4) silt loarn; tnodoratd<;rately sticky when wet; rool s abMiidant ; strongly acid; clear to al)i U[)l, smool li lo slinlilly wavy boundary. 1{, 8 to 17 inches: yellowish-red diWl 4H>), heavy silt loam or light silty clay loam; mod(!ra((!, medium, sub- imgular blocky structure; friable or firm when moist, I)lastic and sticky when W(!t; roots plentiful; medium acid; clear, smooth boundary. B,, 17 to 29 inches: reddish-brown (2.5YR 4/4) silty clay loam; strong, medium to coarse, subangular blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm when moist, arifi I)lastic and sticky when wet; roots rather plentiful; common, faint, reddish-brown clay skins and common black films on aggregates; medium acid; gradual, smooth to wavy boundary. B22 29 to 39 inches: red (2. SYR 4/()) silty clay; strong, medium to coarse, blocky structurt;; very hard when dry, firm when moist, plastic and sticky when wet; roots rather few; faint to distinct, almost continuous, red clay skins and conunon black films on aggregates; contains some fragments of weathered limestone; me- dium to slightly acid; gradual to diffuse, irregular boundarv. B3 39 to 49 inches: yellowish-red (SYR 4/6) silty clay loam or light silty clay; moderate to strong, fine to coarse, blocky and subangular blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; very few roots; distinct to prominent clay skins and common black films on aggregates; contains some fragments of weat hered limestone; medium acid; gradual to diffuse, irregular boundary. C 49 to 74 inches +: yellowish-red (SYR 4/8) silty clay loam; very weak, medium, blocky and subangular blocky structure; hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; f(!W to common small, black films, but no visible clay skins; medium acid. In rocky areas the depth of the soil may range from very shallow to very deep. The uneroded soil in wood- land is almost everywhere a silt loam at the surface, but areas that are, or have been, cultivated may have a surface soil of silty clay loam or clay loam. In large, freshly cultivated or plowed fields, the eroded areas stand out because of the redder color of the surface that is exposed by turning up some subsoil. Some very rocky and extremely rocky areas appear to be much like tlte Corydon very rocky clay loams and the Corydon extremely rocky clay loams, but the soil between the rock outcrops is redder and much deeper, on the average, than that in soils of the Corydon series. Where there is much impurity in the parent rock, the Hagerstown soils grade toward the Duffield or Franks- town soils in characteristics. Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (h^aA). — This soil has a profile liive the one described, except that the surface layer is clay loam instead of silt loam. The clay loam texttire is probably a result of past erosion. If so, however, tlie previotts erosion cycle has been stabi- lized, and a fairly thick stirface soil has developed that shows little evidence of recent erosion. This nearly level Hagerstown clay loam is suited to any crop of the region and is rather easily protected from erosion. It is somewhat difficult to cultivate and manage because of the fine-textured surface laj'er, which is more plastic and more sticky than that of the soil de- scribed as representative of the series. The 117 acres of this soil are, therefore, in capability unit IIs-1. 32 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1 959, NO. 17 Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (HaB2). — Tliis sl()])in<»: soil shows some evi- dence of erosion. Becanse of the risk of furllier erosion phis the difficulty of in:ui!i, al(li()iii\ is Ji inch to \'i inches thick (', I to 7 inches: brownish-yellow ( l()\ R 0/0), very channcry, lisht silt loam; weak to nioderat(!, fiiU!, siiban^ular blocky structure; slinht ly hard when flry, very friable when moist, slinlitly plastic and moderately sticky when wet ; roots fairly plentiful; 40 to 50 percent phyl- litc franmeiits; this layer is only ])artially develoi)ed toward a true H horizon; slightly acid; gradual, irr<'g- ular boundary; horizon is 4 to 10 inches thick. C, 7 to 24 inches: light yellowish-brown (10Y1{ 0/4) mass of j)artially decomposed to hard j)hyllit(! fragments; in- herited laminar structure; slightly liarfi wht-n dry, friable to firm when moist, with hue material moder- ately j)lastic and moderately sticky when wet; a few woody roots; 80 to 90 percent stone fragments, and 10 to 20 percent fine material; strongly acid; abrupt, irregular to broken boundary; horizon is 10 to 20 inches thick. Dr 24 inches -f : hard, gray, greenish-gray, and yellowish- gray phyllite. There may be fine mica particles tliroughout the ])ro- file. In some places there is a very thin layer, resembling a true subsoil, between the Ai and Ci horizons. There are occasional stones, boulders, and outcropping ledges of phyllite. In numy places the soil blends with the some- what deeper tind better developed soils of the Chandler series. Hazel channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (HnB2). — This soil has (he ])rofi]e described. It includes the better areas of Hazel channery silt loam. Slope is gentle and erosion has been moderate, but, be- cause of its droughty nature, the soil is severely limited in use. Some crops may be grown or pastures developed, but they will be affected by drought iji dry weather. The 1,438 acres are in capability unit IIIs-2. Hazel channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded (HnC2). — This soil is steep enough so that the hazard of erosion is of more significance than the droughtiness. Erosion has not yet been severe, because most of the areas remain in forest. If cleared, the soil cotdd be cultivated safely only with great care, in A"ery long rotations with sod crops. There are 1,856 acres, in capability miit IVe-32. Hazel channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded (HnC3l. — This soil is so thin and erosion has l)een so severe that continued cropping Avould be hazardous. 4'he soil miglit be suitable for orchards if well managed and protected, particularly if water for irrigation were available. Otherwise, it is best suited to forests or to limited grazing. The 202 acres are in capa- l)ility unit VIe-3. Hazel channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded (HnD2). — Slope and shallowness strongly limit the usefulness of this soil. The soil might be used for very limited grazing, or possibly for well- sodded and well-managed orchards; otherwise, it should renuiin in forests. It occupies 1,095 acres and is in capa- bility unit Vle-:^. Hazel channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded lHnD3). — There are 124 acres of this soil. The areas are so steep and so severely eroded that they should not be used for crops or for grazing, but for 34 SOIL SUR^"EY SERIES 195!), NO. 17 woodland and wildlife. The soil is in capahilitv nnit Vire-3. Hazel channery silt loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes (HnE). — The sh)pes of this lliin, ch'ouf^hty soil ai-e so n moist, slightly plastic and very slightly sticky when wet; roots abundant; strongly acid; aljrupt, wavy bovuidary; horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick. A2 3 to 8 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4), very stony, heavy loam; weak, coarse, granular structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist, and moderately plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots plentiful; many pores, mostly fine and medium; contains some fragments and small chips of metabasalt or greenstone; strongly acid; clear to abrupt, wavy boundary; horizon is 4 to 7 inches thick. Bi 8 to 20 inches: dark yellowish-brown (lOYR 4/4), very stony silt loam; moderate, medium, subangular blocivy structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; many woody but few fibrous roots; many fine and medium pores: some greenstone fragments; strongly acid; gradual, wavy to irregular boundary; horizon is 10 to 17 inches thick. B2 20 to 36 inches: .strong-brown (7.5Y'R 5/6), very stony, light silty clay loam; moderate to .strong, medium, subangular blocky structure; moderately hard when dry, somew-hat firm when moist, and plastic and moderately sticky when wet; very few roots; some medium and many fine pores; discontinuous, self- colored clay skins; some greenstone fragments; very strongly acid; gradual, irregular boundary; horizon is 12 to 20 inches thick. C 36 to 52 inches: yellowish-brown (lOY'R 5/8) very stony loam; inherited weak, coarse, laminar structure; hard when dry, moderately firm when moist, and mod- erately plastic and slightly sticky when wet; no visible roots; 60 to 80 percent partially decomposed to hard fragments and stones; strongly acid; abrupt, irregular to broken boundary; horizon is 10 to 30 inches thick. Dr 52 inches+ ; bedrock of massive to platy metabasalt with many white quartzite impurities. In some places the upper subsoil is more brown (less yellow) than that described in the typical profile. Most areas are very stony, and outcrops and ledges are fairly common. Because of the dominant stoniness, the ])rofile of tliis .soil may be eitlier .shallower or deeper than tlie j)r()lile described. Highfield gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes (HoB).— This soil has a profile like the one described, except that there are only occasional stones on or in the soil. In places there are small fragments of greenstone and many angular fragments of white quartzite gravel that was an imi)urity in the parent rock. This .soil makes u]) the more useful areas of the Highfield series. Because of gentle slope and freedom from ei'osion, the soil is in ca))abilily unit J— 1. There are (w acres. Highfield gravelly loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (HoB2). — There has been active erosion on most areas of this sloping soil but serious damage in only a few places. There are 315 acres, in capability unit lie— 4; the more severely eroded areas should be treated like the soils in capability unit llIe-4. Highfield gravelly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (HoC2). — Although erosion has not been severe on this soil, the slopes are sucli that the hazard of erosion is great. The soil is in capability unit IlIe-4. There are 212 acres. Highfield gravelly loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (HoE2). — This soil is so strongly sloping that cidtivation must be limited to oidy occasional tilled crops, sod crops such as hay, or sodded orchards. The 78 acres are in capability unit lVe-3. Highfield very stony loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes (HpB). — This soil has the profile described as representa- tive of the series. It is so stony that cultivation should not be attempted. The soil makes excellent pastureland, however, and woodland management should be econo- mically feasible and not especially difficidt. There are 44 acres. The soil is in capability unit Vs-2. Highfield very stony loam, 5 to 30 percent slopes (HpD). — This soil is strongly sloping, but it is suitable for pasture if the grazing is limited and well managed. Tim- ber operations will be more difficult but should be eco- nomically feasible. There are 2,123 acres. The soil is in capability unit VIs-2. Highfield very stony loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes (HpE). — This soil is so stony and steep that it should be kept in forest. Timber operations will be difficult, but woodland is the best use. The soil is in capability unit VIIs-2. It occupies 470 acres. Holston Series The Holston series consists of deep, well-drained, acid, brown soils on very old river terraces. The materials in which the Holston soils have been developed are old al- luvial deposits, which were brought by streams from areas of acid sandstone and shale. The Holston soils are on terraces of the Potomac River, mostly between Four Locks and Millstone. They are on the same terraces as the red, well drained "Waynesboro soils, and also the brown, moderately well drained Monongahela soils, which contain a siltpan. The Holston soils are fairly extensive. Some areas are still in forest, but most areas have been cleared and are used for general crops or pasture. vvAsm.\(;i()\' corxiv, aiauvland 35 Pi-()liU> of IIolsloii sill loam, 0 good p(!r- manent pasture or an occasional hay i rop. I'lic soil is in capability unit Vie -2. Holston gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (HrE2). — There are 70 acics of this .soil, which is too steep to be cultivated safely. The soil can be used foi' grazing, for occasional hay crops, or for woodland. It is in capability unit Vre-2. Holston gravelly sandy loam, .3 to 8 percent slopes (HsB). — The prolile of this .soil differs somewhat fi-om the one that was described as representative of the series. The surface layer is sandy loam, and the soil contains a fairly large amount of waterworn gravel. The sand and gravel make the soil somewhat di'oughfy :ind, hence, low in ]>roductivity. The 115 acres of this soil are in capa- bility unit lIs--2. Holston gravelly .sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (HsC2). — On these slopes control of erosion is a more important management problem than sandiness of the soil. This soil occupies 153 acres. It is in capability unit IIIe-5. Holston gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded (HsC3). — This soil has been so severely eroded that its use for crops is strongly limited. Very careful conservation measures are required for safe cul- tivation. The soil occupies 50 acres. It is in capability unit lVe-5. Holston silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (HtA). — The proHle of this soil is the one described in detail for the Holston series. It is a very good soil, subject to very little hazard of any kind if well managed. The 224 acres are in capability unit I— f. Holston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (HtB2). — The slope of this soil and the erosion that has occurred make simple conservation measures neces- sary for continited cultivation. This soil occupies 666 acres. It is in capability unit lie -4. Holston silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (HtC2). — These 208 acres on strong slopes must be carefully managed for safe use and production. The soil is in capability luiit Ille— 4. Huntington Series The Huntington series consists of deep, well-drained soils on flood plains along rivers and streams. The soils are composed of fine materials washed originally from areas in which tlie soils were derived from or strongly influenced by limestone. Except for some modification of the surface layer by organic matter, these soils show practically no development of horizons; hence, the}^ have a uniform or a stratified profile and no B horizon. The Huntington soils are associated on the flood plains chiefly with the moderately well drained Lindside soils and the poorly drained and very poorly drained Melvin and Dunning soils. The Huntington soils are excellent for most kinds of farming. Although they originated by overflow and over- washing, they are not subject to very frequent or very prolonged flooding. They are used for most crops. 36 SOIL SUKVKY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 l*i-()Hle of a Hunt in<>(()ii silt loain in a cult i\ at('(l area on the Hood plain of Anticlani Creek, one-fourth mile north- west of Leitersl)ur<:- : A„ 0 to 7 inches: diirk grayish-brown (lO'S'R 4/2) .sill loam; moderate, coarse, crumb structure; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and slifjlitly i)lastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots abundant ; many worm ciiannels; neutral; clear, smooth boundary as a re- sult of i)lowing; horizon is 6 to 8 inches thick. Ci 7 to 38 inches; dark-brown (7.5YIi 4/4) silt loam; com- pound, very weak, medium, jjlaty and nu)derate, fine, granular structure; hard when dry, friable to some- what firm when moist, and moderately plastic and slightly sticky wlien wet; roots plentiful in U])])er jiart ; many fine and iiu'dium ])ores and sonu' worm chan- nels; neutral; very gradual, smooth boundary; horizon is 30 to 40 inches thick. Co 38 to 48 inches +: brown to dark-brown (7.5YII 4/2), slightly gritty silt loam; common, fine sjjecks of dark gray and strong brown; weak, coarse, platy structure; hard when dry, firm and somewhat brittle when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; a very few roots; neutral; grades with depth to stratified materials that are generally gravelly or sandy, or bot h. Waterworn o;i'avel frao;inents may be ])resent in any })art of the [jroHle, hut in the nono'ravelly soils tliey are confined mostly to the lower substratum. Depth to the C2 liorizon varies considerably and may be several feet in some places. Color, es})ecially of the surface layer, varies somewliat ; in some places it is brown or slio-htly reddish I)r()wn. Huntington fine sandy loam (Hu). — This .soil is like Tluiit iniiton silt loam, except that the entire profile, and part ictdarly the surface layer, contains less silt and chiy and much more fine sand. This is an excellent soil, and it is suited to all the common crops. A few acres, which cotdd not he separated on the map, may be (X'casionally or frecpiently dama<:ed by floodino:. The croppinjr sy.stem there should be adjusted to the flood hazard. Most slopes ai'e less than ;? percent, but in a few places the slope is as o;reat as 8 percent. The 1,507 acres of this soil are in capability unit 1-6. Huntington gravelly loam (Hv). — This soil is like Hunt- ino-ton silt loam, except that the surface layer is less silty and the entire profile contains considerable waterworn gravel. This is an excellent soil, suitable for all of the common crops. If Hoodino' is a prol)lem on any area, the management of this land should l)e adjusted accord- ingly. Most iireas are nearly level, but some slopes are as great as 8 percent. The 071 acres of this soil are in capability unit 1-6. Huntington silt loam (Hw). — This soil has the profile that was described as representative of the series. It is an excellent soil, and normally has practically no hazard to limit its cultivation. It is used for all crops of the area, and is especially desirable for corn. A few areas, which could not be separated on the map, may l)e oc- casionally or fretjuently affected by high water. Practically all areas are nearly level. The 1,439 acres of this soil are in capability unit 1-6. Huntington silt loam, local alluvium (Hx). — Tliis soil I'esembles Huntington silt loam, except that it does not lie on true flood plains. It occupies slight depressions in areas of soils underlain by limestone, and lies also around drainage heads and on some foot slopes within the same areas. It has been formed by the deposit of fine material that was washed directly down from surroimding upland soils, and not by settlement otit of floodwaters, as with the Huntington soils of the flood plains. In some places the substratum is slightly finer in texture than the surface layer, showing the beginnings of i)rofile development, but this is exceptiontil. The soil is extensive and important, althotigh generally in small areas. There are 4,811 acres, most of which are nearly le\el oi- oidy very gently sloi)ing. Some slopes, however, are as great as 8 percent. This highly produc- tive soil is used for till pur])f)ses and is in capid)ilitv unit 1-6. Laidig Series The Laidig .series consists of deep, well-drained, acid soils that were developed on old rockslides or other col- luvial deposits of .sandstone, quartzite, and (K'casionally some shale. The Laidig soils are characterized by a deep and very thick, i)laty fragipan in the lower subsoil. The fragipan layer, however, apparently does not restrict drainage of the soil. It has been noted under the Edgemont seiies that the Kdgemont and Laidig soils are in many places very closely as.sociated and were mapped together in undifferentiated units. The Laidig soils were also niap))ed by themselves. Tjike the Edgemont soils, the Lsiidig soils ai'e not highly prodtict i ve, but they are suited to most crops and are used for orchards ami berry crops. Profile of Laidig gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded, in a forest just off Woodmont Road, high on the slopes of Tonoloway Ridge between Wood- mont and Cohill: Aji 0 to 1/2 inches: black (N 2/0), gravelly, light loam; weak, very fine, granular structure; soft when dry, loose or very friable when moist, and nonijlastic and non- sticky when wet; roots plentiful; strongly acid; clear, irregular boundary; horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick. A12 V/i to 3 inches: grayish-brown (2.5Y 5/2), gravelly, very light loam; single grain; soft to very slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist, and nonplastic and nonstieky when wet; roots fairly plentiful; very strongly acid; clear, irregular bound- ary; horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick. A2 3 to 14 inches: light yellowish-browu (lOYR 0/4), grav- elly, very light loam or heavy sandy loam; moder- ate, coarse, crumb structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist, and slightly plastic and very slightly sticky when wet; roots rather few; very strongly acid; clear, irregular boundary; horizon is 8 to 12" inches thick. Bi 14 to 18 inches: pale-brown (lOYR 6/3) gravelly loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky and weak, fine, granular structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist, and slightly plastic and very slightly sticky when wet; roots few; abundant fine and medium and a few large pores; this horizon has some of the characteristics of an old surface layer that has been buried and is transitional between the surface layer and the true subsoil; strongly acid; clear, irregular boundary; horizon is 3 to 5 inches thick. B2, 18 to 38 inches: reddish-yellow (5YR 6/8), heavy fine sandy loam containing very little silt; compound, very weak, medium, platy and weak, fine, irregular, subangular blocky structure; hard and brittle when dry, friable or firm and slightly brittle when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; a few roots in upper part; abundant fine pores; con- tains many small inclusions of the B22m material WASHINGTON COUNTY, MAIO LAM) 37 (icscrihed t)olow; very str()iinl>' acid; ck'ar to al)ru|)t, wavy to irregular houiidary; horizon is 18 to 2(1 inclies thick. R,2,„ 3S to ».)() inclics I ; rod (2.5YR 4/8 or lOR 4/8), ligiil fine sandy chiy loam containing very little silt; moderately strong, coarse, ])laty stnicture, crushing under pressure to finer platy lenses; very compact ; very hard and brittle when dry, firm and brittle when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticlvy wlien wet; no roots; conuuon fine pores, mostly horizontal; this fragii)an is a very compact clay -sand mixture with practically no silt and a nolal)le absence of clay skins; upper part contains some inclusions of H21 horizon material; very strongly or extremely acid. Some horizons may be very thin or absent; tliis is particiUarly true of the B, liorizon, and, in some phices, of the Ai^. liorizon. The lower subsoil is in some j)laces less red tlian desci-ibed but is everywhere compact and platy. Stones and boulders are ])resent in some areas. Laidig gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (La A). — This is the nearly level and least stony soil of the Laidig series. The profile is like the one described. Although this soil is gravelly, strongly acid, and not highly produc- tive, it can be cultivated safely with ordinary good farm- ing methods. The 110 acres are in capability unit 1-4. Laidig gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (LaB2). — This soil occupies l.i^Tls acres. About half of it has been cleared and used for general crops or orchards. Because of the slope, the hazard of erosion is a definite one. The soil is in capability unit Ile-t. Laidig gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (LaC2). — A profile of this soil was de- scribed as representative of the series. Because of tlie slope, tliere is an erosion hazard, and the 1,574 acres are in capability \init Ille— 4. About 46 acres have been severely eroded ; these areas should have special treatment to control erosion. Laidig gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (LaD2). — The hazard of erosion strongly limits use of this soil for cultivated crops. There are 479 acres in capability unit IVe-8. Inchided are about 33 acres that are severely eroded, which should be treated as if in capability unit Vle-i^. Laidig very stony loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes (LbD). — This soil has many stones and a few boulders on the sur- face and in the profile. On the average, about 50 percent of the surface is occupied by stones. This soil is, therefore, not suited to cultivation, but it can be used to some extent for grazing or can be left in woodland. There are 722 acres, in capability imit YIs-2. Laidig very stony loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded (LbE2). — This soil is so steep and stony that grazing is not practical. Forests should be main- tained and cleared areas should be reforested. The soil occupies 110 acres and is in capability unit VIIs-2. Landisburg Series The Landisburg series consists of moderately well drained, gravelly soils on the foot slopes of ridges where there are colluvial deposits of clierty limestone material. The Landisburg soils have some degree of platy structure throughout their profile and have a fine and very dense, cherty subsoil. They lie below areas of better drained soils, chiedy of the l^llib(•|• and Frederick .sei-ies, which have been developed direcdy on the cluM'ty limestone. The Landisburg soils occur in the weslei'ii part of the county, mostly in tlie Elbow Kidge area. They are not extensive, nor are (hey highly productive. They need in- tensive erosion control and some artifici;il drainage for full use, and they are somewhat difliciill lo manage. Profile of Tiandisbui'g cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded, in a forested area just west of Long Hollow Koad, nine-tenths of a mile south of the Pennsylvania State line: Ai 0 to 3 inches: very dark grayish - brown (10 YR 3/2) cherty silt loam; compound, weak, tliin, jjlaty and strong, fine, crumb structure; sliglitly hard when dry, friable but slightly tjrittle when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots abundant; strongly acid; clear to abrupt, wavy boundary; horizon is 1 to 4 inches thick. A2 3 to 9 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4), cherty, light silt loam; compound, weak, thin, platy and moderate, fine, crumb structure; moderately hard when dry, friable but slightly brittle when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots plentiful; very strongly acid; clear to abrupt, wavy boundarv; horizon is 4 to 7 inches thick. Bi 9 to 12 inches: brownish-yellow ClOYR 6/6), cherty, heavy silt loam; compound, weak, medium, platy and moderate, fine, subangular blocky structure; moderately hard when dry, moderately firm and brittle when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots few; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 3 to 5 inches thick. B2tm 12 to 32 inches: variegated, about 75 percent strong- brown (7. SYR 5/6) and 25 percent yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4), cherty, heavy clay loam; com- pound, moderate, coarse, platy and strong, medium, blocky structure; compact and dense; hard when dry, firm and brittle when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; practically no roots; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 15 to 24 inches thick. Cg,„ 32 to 42 inches 4- : strongly variegated yellowish-brown, strong-brown, and olive-gray (lOYR 5/4, 7.5YR 5/8, and 5Y 5/2) cherty silty clay loam or clay loam; somewhat gritty; strong, fine to medium, platy structure; very hard when dry, firm and brittle when moist, and plastic and sticky when w^et; no roots; very slowly permeable; very strongly acid. There are common seepage spots or vpet- weather springs. At sucli places the fir.st three horizons ai-e darker in color and thinner than in the typical profile described and the claypan Batm horizon is closer to the surface. There are some small areas of cherty loam mixed with the cherty silt loam. In many spots the surface soil is quite gritty, containing some medium and coarse sand and very fine gravel. The Landisburg soils are rather wet and slow to warm in spring. The water table is normally fairly deep, but it comes close to the surface in wet w^eather. Landisburg cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (LcB2). — This soil has the profile that is described. Because the subsoil is tight, runoff is very high. Although the soil is only moderately well drained, the control of erosion is a more significant problem than drainage. For this reason, the 65 acres of this soil are in capability unit IIe-13. Landisburg cherty silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded (LcD2). — On this strongly sloping soil, the erosion hazard is great. There are 143 acres, in capa- bility unit IIIe-13. 38 SOIL SURVEY SIOKIES 1959, NO. 17 Laigent Series Tlie J^argeut sei'ies consists of moderately well drained soils on Hood plains and in depi-essions, in areas of acid, red shale and sandstone. The Tjargent soils are made up of alluvium washed mostly from soils of the Calvin series. Natural draiiiaae is partially retai'ded. There has been a very slight degree of soil profile (levelo])ment, but not enough to be of any particular significance. The Largent soils are not extensive and are used mostly for corn, hay, and pasture. Some areas are still in wood- land. Profile of a Largent silt loam, in a foivsted area three- tenths of a mile west of State Koad No. 615, and one- half luile south of the Pennsylvania State line: Ai 0 to 12 iiiclies: dark reddish-gray (5YR 4/2), light silt loam containing a nuticcablc amount of very fine sand; very weak, fine, grainilar structure; very slightly hard when dry, friable when moist, and slightly plastic and very slightly sticky when wet; roots abundant; slightly acid; gradual t(j clear, wavy boundarv; horizon is 8 to 12 inches thick. C, 12 to 25 inches: dark reddish-gray (5YR 4/2) silt loam; weak, very fine, platy structure; compact; hard when dry, firm and somewhat brittle when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots plentiful in ujjper portion; many fine but few large pores; medium acid; clear to abrupt, wavy boundarv; horizon is 10 to 20 inches thick. 25 to 48 inches +: reddish-brown (5YR 4/4), heavy fine sandy loam; about 15 i)ercent medium to coarse, distinct mottles of yellowish red (SYR 5/8), and many very small specks of indeterminate gray; compound, very weak, very coar.se, platy and weak, coarse, blocky structure; very hard when dry, moderately firm when moist, and nonplastic and nonsticky when wet; no visible roots; medium acid. Although the only mapping unit is named as silt loam, there are some small included spots of fine sandy loam. Depth to the mottled Csg horizon ranges from about 14 to 28 inches. The water table is near the surface for fairly long periods. The soil is rather cold in spring, and may be fiooded for brief periods. Largent silt loam (Le). — This soil lias the profile that is described. Because of the impeded drainage, the soil was placed in capability unit IIw-7. A few areas may be frequently covered by floodwaters. Wherever this is true, the intensity of use will depend on the frequency and pattern of flooding. There are 157 acres in the county. Leadvale Series The Leadvale series consists of moderately well drained soils on colhn ial deposits that consist of acid shale and sandstone material at the base of slopes. In Washington County the materials have accumulated at the base of sorne slopes of soils of the Berks, Calvin, and Montevallo series. The Leadvale .soils are in widely scattered, small areas, all in the western part of the county. The Leadvale soils are suitable for most crops, but are wet at certain seasons and are slow to warm up in spring. Profile of Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded, in a cultivated area on Long Hollow Road, just north of the entrance of the Tonoloway Rod and Gun Club: Ap 0 to 7 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4) gravelly silt loam; moderate, medium, crumb and weak to mod- erate, fine, subangular blocky structure; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, anfl moderately plastic and slightly sti('ky when wet; roots abundant; gravel is mostly fine, consisting of lioth sandstone and shale; strongly acid; clear, smooth to wavy boundarv; horizon is (> to 8 inches thick. H2, 7 to 22 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4), gravelly, light silty clay loam; moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; hard when dry, friable to firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots fairly |)lentiful; many fine and some medium pores; gravel is coarser than in jjIow layer; very strongly acid; gradual, wavy to irregular boundary; horizon is 10 to 16 inches thick. B22m 22 to 'M> inches: light olive-l)rown (2.5Y 5/4) gravelly and cliannery silty clay hjani; about 20 percent fine, prominent mottles of strong t)rown (7.5YR 5/f)) ; compoimd, weak, medium, platy and strong, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure; very com- j)act; hard and brittle when dry, firm and brittle when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; prac- tically no roots; very slowly permeable; thin, grayish silt coatings on aggregates in upper part; this is a siltpan or fragii)an layer; very strongly acid; clear, wav\- boundary; horizon is 12 to 20 inches thick. Cg 36 to 42 inches + : i)luish-gray (5Y 5/1 with a bluish cast) chaimery silty clay loam; about 60 i)ercent fine and medium, distinct mottles of olive and olive brown (5Y 5/4 and 2.5Y 4/4); very weak, medium, platy structure; hard when dry, firm and somewhat brittle when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; very slowly permeable; no roots; strongly or very strongly acid. In some places the soil is rather shallow, with residual material or bedrock within feet of the surface. In some places the I^'-m horizon is less compact than that in the profile described. These soils tend to heave in winter. They are of rather low fertility but are fairly productive of some crops imder good management. Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (LgA). — This nearly level soil can be cultivated without great risk of erosion. Surface drainage is particularly slow, and the soil tends to be wet and cold. It is in capability \imt IIw-1. There are 49 acres. Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (LgB2). — A i)rofile of this .soil is de- scribed. Tlie slopes are moderate, and there has been some erosion. The erosion hazard is more significant than the somewhat impeded drainage. There are 475 acres. The soil is in capability unit IIe-13. Leetonia Series The Leetonia series consists of excessively drained, ex- tremely acid, stony soils on coarse, light-colored sandstone. They resemble the Dekalb soils, but tliey have more prom- inent horizons and, generally, a thicker surface layer. In this county they were mapped only in undifferentiated units with Dekalb soils. Profile of Leetonia very stony sandy loam, 0 to 25 percent slopes, in a forested area about 200 yards south of the caretaker's office in the Washington Monument State Park, just below the siunmit of Monument Knob on South Mountain: A, 0 to 4 inches: very dark brown to black (lOY'R 2/2 or 2 1) very stony sandy loam; strong, fine, crumb structure; soft to very slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist, and nonplastic but very slightly sticky when wet; roots plentiful; medium acid; abrupt, irregular boundary; horizon is 2 to 6 inches thick. Ao 4 to 9 inches: pale-brown (lOYR 6/3), very stony and very gritty coarse sandy loam to loamy coarse sand; weak, granular structure to single grain; slightlj' hard and washin(;t()N county, Maryland brittle when dry, friable when moist, and nonplast ic but very slightly sticky when wet; a few large, woody roots; inany inediiini and coarse pon^s; extremely acid; clear, irregular l)oundary; horizon is 4 to 8 inciies thick. Bo 9 to 22 inches: yello\visli-l)rovvn (lOYR S/fi), very stony and very gritty coarse sandy loam; distinctly finer or heavier in texture than horizon A..; weak, medium, blocky structure; slightly cemented; modera1el.\' hard when dry, firm and l)rittie when moist, and siigldi\ sticky and very slightly i)iastic when wet; more fine roots than in horizon Aj; moderately ra])i(lly or rapidly I)ermeal>le; extremely acid; clear, irregular boundary; liorizon is 12 to 24 inches thick. C 22 to 42 inches + : marbknl or variegated, 80 i)ercent light brownish-gray {2.5Y 6/2) and 20 i)ercent reddisli- ycUow (7.5YR (')/()), very stony and v(^ry gritty, decom- posed sandstone of coarse sandy loam texture; inher- ited very weak, slightly i)laty structure; hard when dry, firm and brittl(> wIhmi moist, slightly sticky and very slightly plastic when wet; a very few roots; extremely acid. There is coiis'uUM'ahle variation in the lliiekness of the two upper hoi'izons; in some phices tliey are extremely thin. The Bo horizon in some phxces is loose, not so strong- ly cemented, and not so strongly colored as the one described. Lehew Series The I-,elie\v series consists of excessively drained, sliallow, stony soils on red to dark-red, acid sandstone. They resemble the Dekalb soils, except in color, but they have a redder profile, particularly in the lower subsoil and in the substratum. The Leliew soils also liave somewhat more proininent liorizons than the Dekalb soils. Lehew soils were not mapped alone in this county, but are in undifferentiated mapping units with Dekalb soils. Profile of Leliew very stony loam, 0 to 25 percent slopes, in a forested area just north of U.S. Highway No. 40, about '200 yards east of the highway crest over Fairview jMountain: A) 0 to 3 inches: very dark grayish-brown (lOYR 3/2) very stony loam; weak, medium, crumb structure; soft to slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots rather ai^undant; strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 1 to 3 inches thick. Ao 3 to 5 inches: brown (lOYR 5/3) very stony loam; weak, medium, crumb structure; slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist, slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots rather plentiful; many pores of all sizes; very strongly acid; abrupt, wavy bound- ary; horizon is 2 to 4 inches thick. B] 5 to 11 inches: dark yellowish-brown (lOYR 4/4) to dark- brown (7. SYR 4/4) very stony loam; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist, slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots few; many fine and medium pores; very strongly acid; gradual, irregular lioundarv; horizon is 5 to 10 inches thick. Bs 11 to 20 inches: reddish-brown (2.5Y'R 5/4 with a slight purplish cast) very stony gritty loam; moderate, fine to medium, suV^angular blocky structure; hard when dry, friable to somewhat firm when moist, slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots few; numy fine and medium pores; very strongly acid; gradual, irregular boundary; horizon is 8 to 18 incfies thick. C 20 to 36 inches -|- : reddish-brown (5YR 5/3), stony and very chainiery loam; inherited very weak, laminar structure; very few roots; moderately permeable; con- sists mostly of red sandstone fragments with some fine material; very strongly acid. In many places (he entire profile is reddisli brown and is distinctly more redtlisli in the A^. and li, horizons than the profile described. Tiie Lehew soils iu\t slightly less coai-se in texture throughout than cillici' tlic Dekalb or the Leetonia soils. Lindside Series The Lindside series consists of moderately well drained soils that were formed from alluvial materials in the limestone area. The materials are medium or fine textured. They were washed from areas of upland soils underlain by limestone, such as soils of the Hager.stown, Duflield, Frankslown, and Frederick series. The Lindside soils are on bottom lands and also in upland depressions, around drainage heads, and on foot slopes clo.se to smaller drainageways. They are commonly near areas of Hunt- ington soils, which are better drained, and with Dunning and Melvin soils, which are more poorly drained, all from the same or similar materials. Most areas of Lindside soils in the county have been cleared. These soils are commonly used for corn or pasture, although other general crops are grown where drainage has been improved. Profile of Lindside silt loam, in a forest adjacent to Roundtop Road, three-tenths of a mile south of its intersection with Orchaixl Road, about 1 mile north of Cohill : Ai 0 to 14 inches: brown (lOYR 4/3) silt loam; weak, me- dium to coarse, crumb structure; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and moderately plas- tic and moderately sticky when wet; roots abundant; slightly acid; clear, smooth boundary; horizon is 12 to is inches thiclc. C, 14 to 26 inches: dark yellowish-brown (lOYR 4/4) silt loam; common, fine specks of very dark gray; com- pound, weak, medium, platy and very weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure; hard when dry, rather firm when moist, and moderately plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots plentiful in upper part; many fine and some medium pores; moderately alkaline; gradual, irregular boundary; horizon is 6 to 12 inches thick. 26 to 40 inches: olive (SY 5/3) silt loam; about 20 percent medium, distinct mottles of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) ; compound, weak, coarse, platy and very weak, medium, blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and .sticky when wet; no visible roots; contains a few remnants of fresh-water mollusk shells, and a few waterworn gravel frag- ments; moderately alkaline; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 12 to 20 inches thick. Dg 40 to 60 inches +: stratified sand, silt, and gravel; silty and sandy portions olive (SY 4/3 with a bluish cast); about 15 percent fine, distinct specks of strong brown (7.SY'R 5/6); weak, very coarse, platy structure; silty portion hard or very hard when dry, moderately firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; no roots; variable jiermeability ; bluish color fades completely to light olive gray when material is dried; gravel is mostly waterworn chert; moderately to strongly alkaline. The bluish color in the lower substratum is not every- where present, nor are the mollusk shells in the sub- stratum. Some profiles contain more gravel throughout than the one described, and the substratum may not be so strongly alkaline. Lindside soils on the flood plains may be subject to flooding at times, but those in upland de- pressions are less suscept il)le. These soils are fairly wet and have a seasonally high water table. .")!J!ir).';:{ — i (12 4 40 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Lindside silt loam (Lm). — This soil lias the proiile that is (lescfil)ed. Wetness and the possibility of ll()0(lin«j; are the greatest hazards on this soil. AVith improved drainage, the soil can be used for nearly all crops, but it is used mostly for corn and pasture. A few acres may have more frecjuent floods, which restrict their use to sod crops and grazing. On 45 acres the surface soil is rather gravelly. The '2,4:5r> acres ai'c in ca])al)ility unit lI\v-7. Lindside silt loam, local alluvium (Ln). — Fhis soil is like Lindside silt loam, but it is located in upland depressions instead of on Hood plains. It is much less likely to be flooded than the soil on the bottom lands. Impeded drainage and seasonal excess water are the chief hazards, and the 4S!S acres of this soil are in capability unit Tlw-7. Litz Series The Litz series consists of somewhat e.xcessively drained to excessively drained, shallow, skeletal soils that were developed on light -colored, acid shale that contains some thin beds of limy shale or limestone, or both. The Litz soils resemble the Montevallo soils in their general iirofile, but, since they were dev eloped from and influenced l)y par- tially limy materials, they are somewhat moi-e [)ro(luct ive. The liitz soils are chiefly on ridges within the ridge ami valley section of the western part of the county. They also occur on a few isolated ridges within the limestone valley in the northeastern pixvt of the county, where they are intricately mixed with soils of the Teas series. The Litz soils are fairly extensive. They are not widely used in agriculture, and most areas remain in forest. Some areas, however, are used for genei'al farming or, more connnonly, for orchards. Pi'ofile of Litz shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, in a forested area just off Orchard Koad, 1 mile south of its intersection with Koundtop Road, about one-half mile northwest of Coliill : An 0 to 1 inch: black (lOYR 2/1) loam with about 15 per- cent shale chips; weak, fine, crumb to granular structure; soft wlien dry, very friable when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots matted; strongly acid; al)rupt, wavy bound- ary; horizon is '2 inch to 3 inches thick. A12 1 to 3 inches: light yellowish-brown (lOYR 6/4), shaly, heavy loam; weak to moderate, coarse, crumb struc- ture; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and sticky and moderately plastic when wet; roots plentiful; about 25 percent shale; very strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 1 to 4 inches thick. B/C 3 to 16 inches: brown (7. SYR 5/4) very shaly silt loam; compound, inherited, laminar and moderate, fine, blocky structure; hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; a few large roots; at least 60 percent pale-brown to pinkish shale; strongly acid; abrupt, irregular to broken boundary; horizon is 10 to 20 inches thick. Dr 16 inches -|-: hard, pale-brown, gray, or greenish-gray, slightly limy shale. In spots there is a B horizon, but it is very thin. Be- cause the soil is so thin, it easily becomes droughty in periods of low or poorly distributed rainfall. Locally, the soil is less acid than the descriljed ])rofile. Litz channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (LoB2). — This soil has a profile like the one descril)ed, excei)t that the shale fragments are larger and harder, and there are some hard, thin, flat fragments of sandstone on and in the soil. These sandstone fragments were derived from seams of that rock that are present at places in the shale, and some of them pi'obably were deposited by gravity from higher areas of other soils. Although this soil is thin and droughty, risk of erosion is probably the most signilicant management ])roblem. The soil is suitable for cultivation, with the pi-o[)er ])i'e- cautions, including the selection of cro))s that can at least partially withstand (hoiiglil. The 2'.V2 acres ai'e in capal)i]ity unit 1 le-1 1. Litz channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded (LoC2). — On this sloping soil there is need for careful mamigement and protection and careful selec- tion of crops. There are 97 acres, in capability unit irie-:51. Litz channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded (LoC3). — Ki-osion has been severe on this thin and droughty soil, and very s])ecial management is necessary if the soil is to be cultivated. This soil is in capability unit IVe-.')l. It occu])ies 10!) aci-es. Litz shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes (LsB). — This .soil has the ))roiile that is described as repi'esentative of the series. Slopes are not great, ami there has been little, if any, erosion, but there is an ei'osion hazard. The soil is well suited to .some cro])s, including orchards. There are ."*)()() aci-es, in capal)ility unit IIIc Litz shaly loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded (LsB2). — This soil can be cultivated if it is jiroperly managed and pi'otected. The (V.V2 acres are in capability unit Ille .'51. Litz shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded (LsC2). — Because of its .strong slopes, this soil de- mands careful management and protection if cultivated crops are to be grown. The management needed is that outlined for capability unit IVe-3L There are 1,493 acres. Litz shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded (LsC3). — This soil has been so severely eroded that further cultivation is not advisable. It is also more droughty than the noi'inal uneroded soil. It should be managed as outlined for capability unit VIe-3. There are 604 acres. Litz shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded (LsD2). — Cultivation produces a .severe hazard of erosion on these .slopes, and the 791 acres of this soil are in capability unit VIe-3. About 69 acres of the mapping unit are somewhat channery as well as shaly. Litz shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded (LsD3). — This Litz shaly loam is so stee]) and has been so severely eroded that it is not suitable for crops. With proper management, it could supply some grazing. The 579 acres are in capability unit VIIe-3. A few spots are channel"}'. Litz shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded (LsE2). — This soil is too steep and shallow for cul- tivation, although there has been onl}' moderate erosion. Some grazing might be produced, however, if good stands of deep-rooted pasture plants can be established. The soil is in capability unit YIIe-3. It occupies 379 acres. There are a few channery spots. Litz shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, severely eroded (LsE3). — On these slopes of severel}- eroded, thin soil, grazing is not practical. The areas should be re- WASHIN(iT()N COUNTY, MAUVLAM) 41 forested. This soil is in (■;ii)iil)ili(_v iiiiil N'ilc ;5. It oc- cupies I'M) acres. Litz shaly loam, 45 to 60 percent slopes (LsF). This is the steepest Ijilz sluily loain. It is uiieroded hecause all of it has iviiiaiiied in forest, and that is the hest use. The U>2 acres are in capal)ility unit \'lle 'A. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 0 to 8 percent slopes (LtB). — The Litz-Teas complexes consist of intricate nii.x- tures of Litz soils and oi" the similar, but reddish, 'IVas soils. E\en tlioujili this mapping:- unit is <>-ent]y or mod- erately sl()pin<>', there is some thi-eaf of erosion. There are acivs, in capability miit Ile-11. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (LtC2). — Ln()u<>h erosion has taken place on this thin .soil to limit its use for crops. Cul- tivated crops may be ojrown with the careful niana<;ement to check erosion that is given for its capability unit, IIIe-;n. There are (I'jr) aci'es, many of them in orchai'ds. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded (LtC3). — Erosion has been so severe on these moderate slopes that ci'oppin<»: nnist be very stronound, mod- erate, coarse, |)laty and strong, medium, subangular blocky structure; very hard wiien dry, firm wh(?ri moist, and very i)lastic and very sticky when wet; no roots; moderately to strongly alkaline. The surface layer varies in thickness from phice to place. Tlie subsoil is neaj ly everywhere alkaline. Locally, tlie immediate surface layer will be more brown than in t lie t y[)ic;il proiile descril)e(l, or somewhat reddish, depend- ing tipon the nature of the most recent deposit at that point. This is a poorly drained soil and one that may still be .subject to flooding. It is wet for long peri(xls, and the water table is close to- the surface in wet seasons. Melvin silt loam (Me). — A proHle of this soil was described. The subsoil and substratum are calcareous in some places. Artilicial drainage is needed for fidl nse and production. Limitations in use after drainage and the frequent flood hazard are the reasons why the soil is placed in capability unit IIIw-2. A few areas that are more frequently damaged by flooding are better used for permanent grass or woodland. There are 146 aci'es in the county. The slope is almost everywhere less than percent. Monongahela Series The Monongahela series consists of moderately well drained, acid, brown soils on A^ery old ri^-er terraces. The soils have a thick, strongly developed fragipan (silt- pan) in the lower subsoil. They developed in old alluvial deposits that originated in areas of acid sandstone and shale. The areas are mostly along the Potomac River, but a few small areas are elsewhere in the county. The Monongahehx soils are less well drained than the brown Holston soils and the reddish Waynesboro soils, but they are much better drained than the Tyler soils. All of these soils are located on the same terrace formations. Most of the acreage of Monongaliela soils in the comity has been cleared. Profile of Monongahela gravelly loam, o to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded, in a once cultivated, but now idle, area 50 yards north of the AYestern Maryland Rail- road tracks, one-half mile west of Shankton Road: A„ 0 to 8 inches: brown (lOYR 5/3), gravelly, heavy loam; moderate, fine, crumb structure; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and moderately plas- tic and moderately sticky when wet; roots plentiful; about 15 jjercent waterworn sandstone gravel; me- dium acid; abrupt, smooth boundary; horizon is 6 to 8 inches thick. B21 8 to 18 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/6) gravelly silt loam; compound, weak, coarse, platy and mod- erate, medium, subangular blocky structure; mod- erately hard when dry, slightly firm and somewhat brittle when moist, and moderately plastic and 42 SOIL SURVEY SP:RIES 1 959, NO. 17 inodoratoly sticky when wet; roots plentiful; many fine and medium jiores; about 20 percent waterworn gravel; medium acid; clear, smooth boundary; hori- zon is 8 to 10 inches thick. - Boo,,, 18 to 32 inches: strong-brown (7.5 YR 5/6), gravelly, light silty clay loam; about 40 percent horizontal streaks of light yellowish l)rown (lOYR 6/4); com- pound, strong, medimn, (jlaty and strong, fine to medium, blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm and very brittle when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; very few roots; slowly permeable; this is a true fragipan, or siltpan; about 15 percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual, smooth bound- ary; horizon is 12 to 18 inches thick. B:),„ 32 to 50 inches: variegated by distinct , mostly horizontal lay(>rs, yellowish-red and brownish-yellow (5YR 5/6 and lOS'R 6/6), gravelly, heavy silt loam to light silty clay loam; compound, strong, coarse, platy ancl very strong, medium, blocky structure; very hard when dry, firm and very brittle when moist, and j)lastic and very sticky when wet; no visible roots; about 30 percent gravel; a fragipan horizon; very strongly acid; fairly clear, smooth boundary; horizon is 15 to 24 inches thick. C 50 to 60 inches ^ : yellowish-red (SYR 5/6), very grav- elly, decomposed shale of loam texture; about 20 percent medium, distinct mottles of reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); weak, coarse, platy structure; moder- ately hard when dry, firm when moist, and sticky and slightly j)lastic when wet; no roots; ai)out 40 ])ercent waterworn sandstone gravel; extremely acid. The fraf!:ipan layers may be from about 2 to nearly G feet (liick. Some areas have a more yellowish and less l>i-()wn surface layer and sidxsoil than the horizons de- scribed. Cidtivated areas conunonly have many surface rills and small erullies that may cut into the fragipan. The fragipan slows down internal drainage, increasing the runolF and the hazard of erosion. The ]\Ionongahela soils are fairly wet and cold in spring, altliough in dry midsummer weather their available moisture is generally low. Thus, they tend to be too wet part of the year and somewhat droughty at other times. Monongahela gravelly loam, .3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (MgB2). — This soil has tlie prolile that is described. The threat of erosion from tiie runoff on these slopes is a more significant management [)roblem than tlie impeded drainage, and the soil has been ])laced in capability unit Ile-l:'). There are oOl acres. Monongahela gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (MgC2). — On these slopes runoll' is rapid and the erosion hazard is great. The 110 acres are in capability unit Ille-M. Monongahela silt loam, 0 to .3 percent slopes (MhA). — This soil has a profile like the one described, but it is less gravelly throughout and the surface soil is more silty. On these nearly level areas, both runoff and internal drainage are slow and wetness is a greater hindrance to use than the threat of erosion. The 443 acres are in capability unit IIw-l. Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (MhB2). — This is the most extensive soil in the ]\Ionongahela series in the county. Over most of the acreage, much of the surface layer has been lost. There are many gullies in places, but most of them are shal- low; on 24 acres erosion has been severe. This soil can be used for all suitable crops Avith management to prevent further damage. It occupies 861 acres and is in capability unit IIe-13. Monongahela silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (MhC2). — Because care is required to cul- tivate the slopes safely, the 223 acres of this soil are in capability unit irie-13. Monongahela silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (MhD2). — This is the stee{)est soil of the Monongahela series in the county. Because of the slope and tlie degree of j)ast erosion, the soil is suited to tilled crops grown oidy infrequently in very long rotations. If tiUed crops are grown, conservation measures imist be carefully applied. The 57 acres are in capability unit IVe-9. Montevallo Series The Montevallo series consists of very shallow, exces- sively drained, skeletal soils. The soils have a weakly developed A horizcm and practically no B horizon. The surface layei' directly overlies i)artially decomposed and hard, gray to pale-brown shales. In some places the parent shales contain a small amount of lime. The ISfontevallo soils occur mostly on the shale ridges north and west of Fairview Mountain, but some are on ridges and steep areas on both sides of Conococheague Creek. Only so)ne of the most gently sloping and least eroded Montevallo soils ai-e suitable for regular cultiva- tion, and then oidy with very careful management. These soils are low in natural fertility and are not very pro- ductive. Profile of Montevallo shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded, in a forested area on Blair Valley Koad one-half mile south of the Pennsylvania State line: A, 0 to 4 inches: brown (lOYR 4/3) shaly loam; moderate to strong, medium, crumb structure; slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist, and nonplastic but slightly sticky when wet; roots plentiful; about 30 percent partially decomposed shale; strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 2 to 6 inches thick. C 4 to 12 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4) very shah- loam; strong, medium, crumb structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist, and nonplastic but slightly sticky when wet; roots few; 70 to 95 percent shale, partially decomposed; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary; horizon is 6 to 10 inches thick. Dr 12 inches +: light brownish-grav, pale-brown, and light yellowish-brown (2.5 Y 6/2, 10 YR 6/3, and 2.5Y 6/4), moderately hard to very hard shale. Locally, the immediate surface layer in forested areas is almost black. Cultivated areas have a yellowish-brown to light brownish-gray surface layer; some eroded areas have a surface layer that is more brown and less gray. The soil may be more acid than that described in the i^ro- file. In the extreme western part of the county, the C horizon may have a slight reddish cast, where the Monte- vallo soils are close to soils of the Calvin series. Montevallo shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (MmB2). — This soil has the jjrofile that is described in detail. Erosion is a hazard, but it is less of a management problem on these thin, droughty soils than the maintenance of moisture and fertility. The 1,857 acres are, therefore, in capability unit IIIs-2. Montevallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (MmC2). — On these slopes the risk of ero- sion is the most important management problem, but the soil also has hazards of drotightiness and low fertility. The soil is in capability unit IVe-32. It occupies 2,972 acres. \vAsiiiN(;'i()N corxrv, mahvland 43 Montevallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, se- verely eroded (MniC3). — 'I'his soil li.is Ihhmi so sovcrolv (nodiMl (hilt lluMo is little but shale left. With very careful inana^fcnuMit and erosion control, and with stroiijr limita- tions on iira/iiii;', I lie soil can he used I'or pasluiv. 'i'liere are 1,C)2S acres, in cai)al)ility unit VIe-;5. Montevallo shaly loam, 20 to .'{O percent slopes, mod- erately eroded (MmD2). — Erosion has not l)een seveiv on (his soil, but there is such a strong risk of erosion that the soil should not be used for cultivated crops. The 1,812 acres are in capal)ility unit VIe-S. Montevallo shaly loam, 20 to .'JO percent slopes, se- verely eroded (MmD3).--'riiis steep soil has l)een so severely eroded that it should not be cultivated, and firazino; will be hazardous. The soil should be refoivsted wherever feasible. There are 623 acres, in capability unit VIle-3. Murrill Series The Murrill series consists of soils that are deep and well drained. The soils developed on a combination of two very ditl'erent kinds of materials. They are on ex- tensive colluvial fans of material from acid rocks, mostly sandstone and quartzite. The rocks have been moved by gravity from mountains and ridges out into the valleys over limestone materials. The mantle of acid material is everywhere thin enough to allow" the underlying lime- stone or limestone residuum to influence the soil that has been deveIoi)ed. In most places the surface layer has been strongly influenced by the limestone. There are spots, however, where the surface layer and the upper subsoil have been developed in nearly pure (puirtzite or sandstone material and the lower subsoil has been developed in lime- stone residuum. The Murrill soils are extensive and important; they make up about 6 percent of the county. These soils occur at many places on the fringes of the limestone valley, but they are most extensive in the Clear Spring area just east of Fair\ iew Mountain. The topography is generally favorable for agriculture, mostly undulating to gently rolling. The Murrill soils are fertile, fairly easily managed, and highly productive under good management. Besides being deep, well drained, and productive, they have a high capacity for furnishing moisture to crops. Most of the acreage has excellent air drainage and is highly regarded for orchards, as well as for general farm crops and pas- ture. ]S"early all areas are used for crops, pastures, or orchards, with only a few spots remaining in forest. Profile of Murrill silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in a cultivated field just back of the new elementary school at Clear Spi'ing: Ap 0 to 7 inches: dark grayish-brown (lOYR 4/2) silt loam; moderate, fine to medium, crumb structure; shghtly hard when dry, friable when moist, and slightly plas- tic and moderately sticky when wet; roots abundant; occasional subangular to rounded sandstone gravel fragments; slightly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary; horizon is 6 to 8 inches thick. Bi 7 to 17 inches: yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/4) silt loam; weak to moderate, fine, subangular bloeky structure; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots plentiful; many fine and medium and some large pores; occasional gravel fragments; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 6 to 10 inches thick. lU, 17 to 20 inches: ycllowisli-brown (lOYR 5/fi), light Kilty clay loam; itio(lcrat(? to strong, fine ancl riicdiiirn, blocky and sul)angular blocky structure!; tiard when dry, in<)d(Tately firm when moisl, and sticky and moderately plastic when wet; roots fairly (;[ acres of this steep soil. Because of the slope, pasture would be a nuich more suilal)le and safe use than any cropping. This soil is in capability unit Vie 2. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes (MrB). — This soil has a surface layei- more sandy than that of the gravelly loam. The saml, like tlie gi-avel, is materia! remaining from the sandstone i)art of the parent material. The sand makes the soil somewhat less fertile and less productive than the olliei- Alui-i-ill soils and tends to make it somewhat droughty. The .'UiS acres are in capa- bility unit IIs-2. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, ,3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (MrC2). — On these slopes, where some erosion has already taken place, the hazard of erosion is of more significance in management than the sandy nature of the soil. Because of this combination of ei-osioii hazard and sandy soil, the (wf-i acres aiv in ca])ability unit IIIe-5. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded (MrC3). — Cultivation causes a particular hazard of further erosion on this eroded, sloping, sandy soil. An occasional crop may be grown witli pro])er man- agement, but the soil is better suited to liay or grazing. The 84 acres are in capability unit IVe-.5. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded (MrD2). — On this soil, erosion has not been severe, but, because the slopes are steep, there is a threat of erosion if cover is not maintained. The 88 acres are in capability unit IVe-5. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded (MrD3). — Tliis steep soil has been too se- verely eroded to permit any furtlier c\dtivati(m. It should be ke|)t in sod and cai-efully grazed, or it should be planted to trees. Tlie soil occupies 40 acres and is in capability unit VIe-2. Murrill silt loam, 0 to ."> percent slopes (MsA). — Tliis is probably the best agricultural soil of the Murrill series. It has the jirofile that is described in detail. The surface laver is silt loam; the soil is nearly level; tliere is very little gravel to interfere with cultivation; and there has been practically no erosion. The 269 acres are in capa- bility unit 1-4. Murrill silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (MsB2). — Erosion can be controlled on this sloping- soil witli the management suggested for its capability unit, lie— i. The soil is suited to all the crops of the area, and it is especially good for orchards. There are 872 acres. Murrill silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (MsC2). — Intensive erosion-control ])ractices are required to keep this soil in a condition to continuously ])roduce good crops. There are 214 acres, in capability unit IIle-4. Myersville Series The Myersville sei-ies consists of deep, well-di-ained, brown soils developed in material weatheivd from meta- basalt, a rock locally known as greenstone. The Myersville soils are somewliat similar to the Highdeld soils, but they aie moi-e deeply weathered and more mature, and tliey luive stronger coloi-s and more strongly developed soil structure. The Myersv ille soils occur mostly at lower elevations in valleys, and the Ilighlield soils are mostly limited to higher elevations on ridges ami mountains. The Fau pores; inedinni acid; n''ii to 9 inches thick. B22 14 to 35 inches: red Ci.SVR 5/8) gravelly silty clay loam or gravelly clay loam; very slightly variegated with liglUer red in lower ]):\r{ ; strong to very strong, m(>dium, blocky structure; \ er\' hard when dry, firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; very few roots; many fine and medium pores; self-colored, contiinious clay skins in pores and on aggregate sur- faces: e\t icnielN- acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 18 to :W incliVs thick. C 35 to 42 inclies 1 : red (2.5YR 4/8) very gravelly sandy clay loam; stratified; moderately hard when dry, fri- able to firm when moist, and slightly i^lastic and slightly sticky when wet; no roots: moderately to moderately rapidly permeable; extremely acid. Some spots are somewhat less gravelly than the soil described, iuid in some places tlie surface layer is sonle^vll!lt more silty. In some places the soil is not so intensely red in the lower subsoil and substratum, but it is some- what more yellowish or brownish. The yellow or brown color is most common where the Waynesboro soils grade to Holston soils. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes (WbA). — This soil has the profile that is described for the series. Because it is well drained, of good texture, and nearly level, it has no particidar limitation for cultivated crops. Proper fertilizing and liming, along with general good management, are necessary for good yields of crops. The 166 acres are in capability unit I^. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded (WbB2). — Because of the danger of erosion, this soil is in capability unit IIe-4. There are 2,387 acres. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (WbC2). — On these slopes, practices and management to control erosion are needed. Long rotations should be used and contour tillage and other methods of erosion control carried out. The 1,490 acres are in capability unit Ille^. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded (WbC3). — Intense good management is needed on this soil to prevent further erosion. The soil occupies 475 acres and is in capability unit IIIe-44. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded (WbD2). — This soil is steep enough so that there is great danger of erosion. It is in capability unit IVe-3. There are 236 acres. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded (WbD3). — On this soil, erosion has been severe. If the soil is carefully protected, it makes good hay land, permanent pasture, or orchards. The 322 acres are in capability unit VIe-2. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded (WbE2). — This soil is too steep for safe cultivation. It can be grazed, however, if well sodded and managed. There are 98 acres, in capability unit VIe-2. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes (WgB). — This soil has a profile like the one de- scribed for (he series, except that it is mon; sandy throughout, especially in the surface layer. Drouglit iness, because of the sand, is a more important managenuint problem than the danger of erosion. For this reason, the 125 acres are in capability unit Ils-2. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded (WgC2). — Danger dI' erosion is more critical on this soil tlian the sandiness, but the sand also allects the nianagemcnl . Tlierc arc 628 aci-es, in capability unit lIIe-5. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded (WgC3). — The soil can be culti- vated, but only occasionally and with special manage- ment. The 103 acres are in capability unit IVe-5. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded (WgD2). — The threat of ero- sion is great enough on this steep soil so that the soil is in capability unit IVe-5. There are 137 acres. Wehadkee Series The Wehadkee series consists of poorly drained, very acid soils of flood plains. The Wehadkee soils consist of fine materials that were washed originally from areas of soils on crystalline rocks. Most areas of Wehadkee soils in Washington County are in the southern part, on both sides of Elk Ridge. On the same bottom-land areas are the moderately well drained Chewacla soils and the well drained Congaree soils. Because they generally occur in narrow strips along smaller streams, many ai'eas of Wehadkee soils have not been cleared. Some areas are used for corn, pasture, or natural meadow. These soils are poorly drained and are very wet for long periods because of both impermeable substrata and a high water table. They are not extensive and are of little importance in agriculture. Profile of Wehadkee silt loam, in a willow and alder thicket on the flood plain of Israel Creek, about 1 mile northwest of Gapland: All 0 to 5 inches: dark grayish-brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam; weak, medium, crumb structure; hard when dry, fri- able to firm when moist, and slightly jjlastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots plentiful; strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary; horizon is 5 to 6 inches thick. A, 2 5 to 12 inches: dark yellowish-brown (lOYR 4/4) silt loam; about 10 percent medium, faint specks of gray; weak, fine to medium, platy structure; very hard when dry, moderately firm and slightly brittle when moist, and moderately plastic and slightly sticky when wet; roots fairly plentiful; very strongly acid; clear to abrupt, smooth boundary; horizon is 6 to 8 inches thick. B, g 12 to 28 inches: light olive-brown (2.5Y 5/4), light silty clay loam; about 30 percent fine and medium, dis- tinct mottles of strong brown (7.5YR 5 6) and of bluish gray; moderate, medium to coarse platy structure; very hard when dry, firm and rather brit- tle when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; few roots; slowly permeable; very strongly acid; abrupt, wavy to irregular boundary; horizon is 12 to 30 inches tliick. Dg 28 to 36 inches + : variegated dark olive-gray (5Y' 4/2) and bluish-green fine sandy clay: 5 to 10 percent fine, reddish-brown specks, and reddish-brown linings in the few old root channels: massive; very hard to extremely hard when dry, firm when moist, and sticky and very plastic when wet; very slowly permeable to extremely slowly permeable, bluish-green color fades completely to gray on drying; strongly acid. 52 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 The bluisli-fjreen color is not present everywliere in the substraluni. Locall}', there may he an overwasli of very new material, some of it very thin, and most of it sandy- Wehadkee silt loam (Wh). — This is the only Wehadkee soil mapped in the county. It is subject to occasional lloodin<>-, but, if the (h'aina:enerally alont ; roots plentifuj; medium acid; cle:ir, wavy Ijoundary; horizon is 3 to 5 inches tliick. Bi G to 14 inches: brown (lOYR 4/3), heavy channery silt loam; moderate, fine, blocky and subangular blocky structure; moderately hard when dry, friable or some- what firm when moist, and moderately plastic and moderately sticky when wet; roots fairly plentiful; many fine and medium pores; medium acid; gradual, wavv boundarv; horizon is 6 to 9 inches thick. Bi 14 to 32 inches: brown (7.5YR 5/4), shaly silty clay loam; moderate to strong, fine and medium, blocky and sub- angular blocky structure; moderately hard to hard when dry, friable to firm when moist, and plastic and sticky when wet; roots few; many fine and medi- um pores; thin, almost continuous, self-cclored clay skins; medium to strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary; horizon is 12 to 20 inches thick. C 32 to 42 inches: strong-brown (7.5Y'R 5/6), very shaly loam or light silt loam; very weak, fine, blocky struc- ture; moderately hard when dry, friable when moist, and slightly plastic and slightly sticky when wet; a few roots in upper part; about 40 percent shale; slightly to medium acid; gradual, irregular boundary; horizon is 6 to 15 inches thick. Dr 42 inches -|- : hard, slightly calcareous, brown shale. Ill some places the surface layer contains few coarse fragments. In places where there is an underlying band of red sandstone, the subsoil and subsfratinn are more reddish than tiiose described. The Westmoreland soils geiu'rally grade to suiiounding soils without sharp boiuularies. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded (WmB2). — This soil has the pi'olile dcsci ibed. Tlieiv is a hazard of erosion, and, be- cause of it, the soil is ])hifed in capability unit lIe-1. There are .'51 1 acres. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded (WmC2). — Theie is a strong threat of erosion on this soil, and it is placed in capa- bility unit lTTe-1. There are 203 acres. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 3 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded (WmC3). — Ki'osion has damaged this soil so that it must be very carefully managed and ])i-otected if cidtivation is to continue safely. A good use woidd l)e for sodded orcliards. The 27>^ acres are in capability iniit IVe-1. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded (WmD2). — The sloi)e of this soil is strong enougli to cause severe risk of erosion if it is cultivated. Tlie 82 acres are in capability unit IVe-1. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded (WmD3). — Erosion has been severe enough on this soil to make further cultivation im- practicable. A better use woidd be permanent .sod for pasture, or occasional hay crops. There are 100 acres, in capability imit VIe-1. Estimated Yields The soils of Washington County vary considerably in ])roduct ivity. Some of them consistently ])roduce high yields of the cidtivated crops, and others are better suited to less intensive uses. Table 5 shows, for the soils suitable for crops or pasture, tlie average estimated yields of specified crops under present management and imder the improved manage- ment that is suggested for the different capability units in the next section of tliis report. These yields are averages for a normal 5-year period. In any given crop year, the yield of any crop nniy be more or less than the figure shown. These estimates are based on information obtained from agricultural workers in the county and at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, and from observations by farmers in the county. The yields under improved management are not pre- sumed "to be the maximum obtainable. Yields from the same soils vai-y, depending on variations in management, weather, crop varieties, and diseases and insect pests. Improved management includes some or many of these management practices : 1. Necessary conservation measures, which may in- clude contour tillage, stripcropping, terracing, or contour furrowing; drainage; water control on both drained and undi-ained soils, especially disposal of excess water; and irrigation where needed and feasible. 2. Selection of varieties of crops suitable to the soil and the county. WASHINCTON COUNTY, MAHYLAND 53 8. Kot at ions of MdcMiualc l(Mi: crop or green-manure crop to improve structure and tilth, supply or sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes Atkins silt loam Ben(>vola clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Benevola clay loam, '.i to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Benevola clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Benevola clay loam, 8 to 15 percent sloj^es, severely eroded Berks ch;iniiery loam, I'idges, 0 to 10 j^ercent slopes, moderately eroded l^erks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slojjes, severely eroded Berks channery loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Bei ks shaly silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Berks shaly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks shalv silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks shaly silt loam, 15 to 25 jx'rcent slopes, moderately eroded I^erks silt loam, ridges, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded lierks silt loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slojies, moderately eroded Berks silt loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded Berks silt loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes Brinkerton silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes _ Buchanan gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Buchanan gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channery fine sandy loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded^, C'alvin channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes Calvin channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded l. Calvin channery loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes Calvin shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded ^_ Calvin shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded Calvin shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes Calvin shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes Calvin-Berks chaimery loams, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Berks channery loams, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Berks chaimery loams, 3 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded Calvin-Berks channery loams, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Mont evallo shaly loams, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Mont evallo shaly loams, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. _ Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded- Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes Chewacla gravelly sandy loam Chewacla silt loam Chewacla stony silt loam Congaree silt loam and gravelh- loam Corydon clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Corydon clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Corydon clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Corydon extremely rocky clay loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes Corydon very rocky clay loam, 3 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Duffield silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Duffield silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Duffield silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Duffield very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes Duffield very rocky silt loam, 8 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Dunmore cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Dunmore cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded See footnotes at end at table. Bu. 65 35 65 60 50 30 30 25 15 15 35 30 25 18 30 25 15 18 35 30 20 40 40 35 30 20 30 30 25 20 18 Bti. 90 60 90 85 70 45 45 35 25 25 60 50 40 28 50 40 25 30 60 55 35 60 60 55 45 30 50 50 40 35 25 Bu. 20 Bu. 40 40 35 30 20 15 12 10 10 18 15 15 12 15 15 10 12 20 15 12 60 55 40 30 25 20 15 15 25 22 22 17 22 22 15 20 28 25 18 20 18 15 12 20 20 15 12 10 30 25 20 18 30 30 25 20 15 25 20 15 15 40 35 22 22 15 12 10 10 20 20 15 15 30 25 18 18 25 20 15 30 25 20 35 45 60 55 50 40 70 65 55 30 40 55 45 50 40 25 25 40 35 22 45 40 30 20 15 10 10 15 12 10 17 15 12 30 25 15 15 20 20 15 25 22 20 65 75 90 95 85 75 30 25 22 50 45 35 100 95 85 55 65 40 35 30 20 25 60 50 45 30 35 85 75 30 25 45 35 Bu. 30 50 45 40 25 25 20 15 15 30 25 20 17 25 20 15 18 30 25 18 30 28 25 20 25 25 20 15 15 20 20 15 15 25 20 15 15 20 20 15 25 22 20 40 35 32 55 45 40 25 30 40 30 Bu. 50 75 65 60 35 40 30 20 20 40 35 30 25 35 30 20 25 45 40 30 40 40 35 28 35 35 30 25 20 32 30 20 20 35 30 20 20 32 30 20 35 32 30 60 55 50 80 70 60 40 45 60 50 WASmN(iT().\ roUNTY, MAHYI>A.\I) 55 tiro Ii n Is of iiKt iut(j< iiK lit on llii soils siiitoh/i for rro])s or jxisture yields are liol f: i \ cii , ril licr 1 lie snil is ikiI >iul ;i I ilc f( n I I ci np ( ii I Iktc is no infc ii iikiI ic )ii on u liich 1 o .-in est itnat <•] Oiits Alfalfa ('lo\ (T and Apples Peaches Prunes and (-'h('rriai(ilK channcry loams, 0 to 12 percent slopes Edgcmont and Laidig channcry loams, 5 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Edgemont aiifl Laidig channcry loams, 20 to 3.5 jjerccnt slopes, moderately eroded Edgcmont and Laidig channcry loams, ;j5 to (iO percent slojx's, moderately eroded Edgcmont and Laidig very stony loams, 0 to 5 percent slopes Eflgcinont and Laidig very stony loams, ■'j to H.'j j:crccnt slojjes EUibcr ch(>rty loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, modcratt'ly eroded Elliber cherty loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Elliber cherty loam, 25 to 45 [XTCent sloi)es, moderately eroded Etowah gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Etowah gravelly loam, H to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Etowah gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Etowah gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded P^towah silt loam, 0 to ;5 percent slopes Etowah silt loam, ;i to 8 ])ercent slojx's, moderately eroded P^.towah silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Fau(|uicr chaiinery loam. 0 to 5 percent slopes Fauciiiier chann(>ry loam, 5 to 10 percent slojies, moderately eroded Fauiiuicr channcry loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Fauiiuicr channcry loam, 20 to .^5 percent slopes, moderately eroded P'auciuicr silt loam, 0 to :? i)crccnt slopes Fau(|uier silt loam, 3 to II) percent slopes, moderately eroded Fau(|uicr silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slojx's, moderately eroded Fauiiuicr silt loam, shallow, W to 20 jx-rccnt slopes, moderately eroded Fau(iuicr very stony loam, 5 to 35 percent slojx's Frankstown very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, mod(>rately eroded Frankstown very rocky silt loam, 15 to 45 pcrc<>nt slopes, moderately eroded Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams. 0 to 8 percent slopes, severely eroded Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded.. Frankstown and Duffield chaiuicry silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded, Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded P'rankstown and Duffield channery siit loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frederick cherty silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded - Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Frederick cherty silt loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, severely eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Hagerstown silty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown very rocky silt loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerstown, Corydon, and Duffield very rocky silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes Hagerstown and Duffield silt loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hazel channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hazel channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Bu. 45 35 30 25 Bu. 80 50 45 35 Bu. Bu. 17 15 12 25 22 18 40 35 25 65 55 45 35 65 55 45 60 50 40 30 60 50 40 22 65 55 40 90 80 70 60 90 80 70 80 70 60 50 80 70 60 35 25 20 12 40 35 25 20 40 35 25 30 25 20 17 30 25 20 15 35 30 18 55 50 40 35 55 50 40 40 35 30 25 40 35 30 20 65 60 45 50 35 35 95 90 70 75 55 60 40 35 25 30 18 20 50 45 35 40 25 30 50 40 30 35 75 65 50 55 30 25 18 20 45 35 25 30 65 60 45 55 35 40 95 90 70 80 55 65 40 35 25 25 20 20 60 55 35 40 25 30 70 65 55 40 70 65 55 40 100 95 85 65 100 95 85 65 40 35 25 20 40 35 25 20 60 55 40 30 60 55 40 30 20 15 30 25 15 10 20 15 Bu. 30 25 20 35 30 20 50 40 35 30 50 40 35 40 35 30 25 40 35 30 20 55 45 35 40 25 30 40 35 25 30 50 45 35 40 25 30 50 45 40 30 50 45 40 30 17 15 Bu. 40 35 30 50 40 30 70 60 55 45 70 60 55 60 50 45 35 60 50 45 30 75 65 50 60 40 45 60 50 35 40 75 65 50 60 40 45 75 65 60 45 75 65 60 45 23 20 See footnotes at end of table. WASI TON" COUNTY, MAHVLAM) 57 levels of nil lit oil tli( soils sii'itdhh for crops or pasture- ( 'oiil iiiiicd yields iire not given, eiLlior the soil is not suitable for that crop or there is no information on wliicli to base an cHtimate] Ouls Alf.i ll'a ( 'lovor and A nplos Peaches I'ruiK^s and Cherries ' mixed hay plums A B A B A B A B A B A B A B Bu. Bit. Tons Tons Tons 1. 5 Tons 2. 8 Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Lb. I.b. oU - - 40 ^ 9 1 Q 1. 0 u 1 OA A C yo 160 I iU IKK loo £1 K yu 25 35 9 S 1 *> 120 170 90 125 lUo 1 KA loU 60 85 30 1 A 9 4. . 9 1. 4 yu 1 .1 A 141) *7A 1 A C 1U5 85 130 45 7U o c 6b 50 2. 4 3. 6 1. 9 2. 5 1 CA 0 4 A z4U 1 1 A 1 10 1 OA 130 210 --- /5 t OA IzU 40 1. o 0. u J. 4 0 9 2UU A e ys 1 CA 15(J 115 1 T K 1 / 0 65 1 AA lUU 20 30 1. U 1. 0 100 150 75 110 00 1 QA loU 50 75 50 70 Q 9 2. 3 3. 0 4U 60 3. 0 4. 0 2. 0 2. 9 1 OA loU OCA zoU 135 1 A C 195 160 230 AA 90 1 OA loU 35 55 9 8 0. 0 1. 8 2. 6 140 240 105 180 120 210 70 120 30 45 9 9 ^ 9 1. 4 2. 1 110 190 80 140 95 165 55 95 50 70 3. 2 4. 6 2. 3 3. 0 40 60 3. 0 4. 0 2. 0 2. 9 180 260 135 195 160 230 90 130 35 55 2. 8 3. 8 1. 8 2. 6 140 240 105 180 120 210 70 120 40 60 3. 6 4. 6 2. 2 3. 0 35 55 3. 2 4. 0 1. 9 2. 7 180 260 135 195 160 230 90 130 30 50 3. 0 4. 0 1. 8 2. 4 140 240 105 180 125 200 70 120 25 35 2. 6 3. 6 1. 6 2. 1 110 190 80 145 95 165 55 95 40 60 3. 6 4. 6 2. 2 3. 0 35 50 3. 2 4. 0 1 A 1. y 0 T ^. / 180 260 135 195 1 AA loU OQ A 90 130 30 50 3. 0 4. 0 1 Q 1. 0 Z. 4 140 240 105 180 1 OK Izo OAA ZUU 70 120 OA 30 1 '3 1. 0 1 0 1 AA lUU 1 7A '7 c to 1 OA IzU 00 14U C A 60 0 c 50 70 ^ A O. 4: Pi J. 2. 4 3. 2 40 60 3. 2 4. 6 2. 3 3. 0 30 50 2. 6 3. 8 1. 8 2. 6 2. 8 35 55 3. 0 4. 2 2. 0 25 40 2. 0 2. 8 1. 4 2. 2 30 45 2. 4 3. 2 1. 6 2. 4 40 60 3. 0 4. 4 2. 2 3. 0 180 260 135 195 155 230 90 130 35 50 2. 4 3. 6 1. 9 2. 5 150 240 105 180 125 210 75 120 25 35 1. 4 2. 4 1. 2 2. 0 110 180 80 120 95 150 55 90 30 40 1. 6 3. 0 1. 4 2. 2 130 210 90 150 110 180 65 100 - - - 50 70 3. 6 5. 6 2. 5 3. 3 40 60 3. 2 4. 6 2. 4 3. 2 35 50 2. 6 3. 8 1. 8 2. 6 35 55 O A 3. 0 4. 2 2. 0 3. 0 25 40 I. u 2. 8 1. 4 2. 2 30 45 2. 4 3. 2 1. 7 2. 4 50 75 3. 6 5. 6 2. 5 3. 3 40 60 3. 2 4. 6 2. 4 3. 2 35 55 3. 0 4. 2 0 n u 0. u 30 45 2. 4 3. 2 1. 7 2. 4 ou / 0 3. 6 5. 6 2. 5 3. 3 40 60 3. 2 4. 6 2. 4 3. 2 35 55 3. 0 4 2 2. 0 3. 0 30 45 2! 4 3! 2 1. 7 2. 4 17 23 . 7 1. 2 75 110 55 85 65 95 40 60 15 20 . 6 1. 0 70 100 50 75 60 85 35 50 Pasture (cow- acre-days) ' 90 70 60 40 30 60 30 85 65 40 150 135 120 95 150 135 120 135 125 115 75 135 125 115 60 55 100 75 150 140 110 r.'o 90 100 65 70 110 85 55 65 50 55 150 140 110 120 90 100 70 150 140 120 100 150 140 120 100 100 85 100 75 85 110 90 50 40 150 100 90 70 50 90 50 120 95 70 190 170 150 120 190 170 150 170 160 145 100 170 160 145 85 80 140 110 185 170 140 150 120 135 95 105 150 120 90 100 70 80 190 175 140 150 120 130 100 190 175 150 130 190 175 150 130 140 125 140 110 125 160 125 75 60 58 SOIL SUIU'EY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 5. — Estimated average acre yields of specified crops under two [In coliiiinis A are yields iiiuler present management; in columns B are yields under improved management. Where Corn Wheat Barley Soil A B A B A B Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Hazel channerv silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded - « D 1 0 lU lU 1 K 1 0 Ha/cl channerv silt loam, 20 to 'M) percent slopes, moderatelv eroded.- . _ . . . 10 15 8 12 12 17 Higlitichi gra\'cllv loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes .. . _ . - . ou 7K 1 0 zo oO 40 4U K K 00 HiRhficld gravellv loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded.. 99 ■^9 oZ OO A K 40 Highficld gravcUv loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded. 00 90 zu 97 Z / OO oU Ai\ 4U Highfield gravellv loam, 20 to :{5 percent slopes, moderately eroded . 40 I D 99 zz 90 ZU on OU Highfield verv stony loam, 5 to 'M) percent slopes. .. .- . 40 /u 9^1 ZO oO OK ■JO Kn OU Holston graAcUv loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded 4U 00 9'i ZO oU A K 40 Holston gravellv loam, 8 to 15 {)ercent slopes, moderately eroded oO 00 90 zu 98 Zo 9'; ZO 0 K OO Holst(jn gravellv loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, se\-erelv eroded ... . . Holston gravellv loam, 15 to 25 percent slojx's, moderatelv eroded . - oyj OU 1 7 99 zz 99 ZZ ■^9 OZ Holston grav(>llv loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded.. .. oO 00 10 9"^ ZO ■^0 OU An 4U Holston gravellv sandv loam, ',i to 15 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded iC\ 4U 1 9 1 z 90 ZU 90 ZO OU Holston gravellv sandv loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded . .. . 18 30 10 15 15 20 Holston silt loam, 0 to ',i percent slopes _. . . 40 7n 9^ ZO OtJ oO Kn OU Holston silt loan), 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded . 00 9'^ ZO oO on A K 40 Holston silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. .... .. 35 55 20 28 25 35 Huntington fine sandv loam_ . _ __ __ DO 1 no *?0 OU KK 00 Hutitington gravellv ioain _ _ ._ .. .. .. 7n 1 u 1 TO 90 CO *tVJ 40 4U KK 00 Huntington silt loam . 70 1 10 30 40 40 55 Huntington silt loam, local alluvium . .... .. . 1 0 1 lo A O 4U no DU KK 00 TK 1 0 oO OU 1 8 98 Zo "^O OU A K 40 Laidig gravellv loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded .. .. _ . QO OZ KK 00 10 ZO oc Zo AO 4U Laidig gravellv loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . .. KO OU 1 9 IZ on ZU O K ZO OK OO Laidig gravellv loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . .. OK Ar\ 4U 1 0 lU 1 7 1 / 90 ZU TO oU Laidig verv stonv loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes .. . . Landisburg chert v silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded .. ... Af\ 4U AK DO OK ZO 0(i OO 0 K oO A K 40 Landisburg chert V silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . . . oO 00 OO zu on oU on ou ACl 4U Largent silt loam. . ._ 40 1 0 Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. . . 40 70 20 30 30 40 Leadvale gravellv silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. . . ... 35 55 15 25 25 35 Lindside silt loam .... .. . .. oU OO Lindside silt loam, local alluvium. _ . ... .... 55 OO yo on ZU on oU on oU An 4U litz channerv loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded . ... ... 00 lo OK Z5 Zo OK oO Litz channerv loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded. . ... ZO 45 10 OO ZZ OO zz OO oZ Litz channerv loam, 10 to 20 perc(Mit slopes, severelv eroded. ... ... 20 35 12 20 18 25 Litz shalv loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes . . .. _ . 30 50 18 25 25 35 Litz shalv loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded ... 28 45 18 25 25 35 Litz shalv loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . . ._. OK ZO A O 40 15 OO zz 99 ZZ Q9 oZ Litz shalv loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severelv eroded OO ZO on 1 o IZ on ZU 1 8 lo 9K ZO Litz shalv loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded _ . . . . on QO OU 1 o IZ on ZU 1 a lo ZO Litz-Teas channerv silt loams, 0 to 8 percent slopes _ .. 30 55 on ZU on oU OK ZO OK OO Litz-Teas channerv silt loams, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded _ . .. 25 45 15 oc Z5 OO zz OK oO Litz-Teas channerv silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severelv eroded . . or* zO OA 1 o IZ on ZU lo 98 Zo Litz-Teas channerv silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . ... 20 35 12 20 18 30 Litz-Teas channerv silt loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Melvin silt loam. .... 40 70 Monongahela gravellv loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . . . 35 55 15 25 25 35 Monongahela gravellv loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded 30 45 15 25 20 30 Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... . . 40 60 20 30 30 45 Monongahela silt loain, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . . . 35 55 15 25 25 35 Monongahela silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . . .. 30 45 15 25 20 30 Monongahela silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded .. ... ... 25 40 12 20 15 25 Montevallo shalv loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . .......... 25 40 12 20 20 30 Montevallo shalv loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderatelv eroded . .. .. .. 20 35 12 20 18 25 See footnotes at end of table. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MAHVLAM) 59 levels of management on the soils sultabh for crops or pasture — Conlinucd yields are not given, either the soil is not suitable for that crop or there is no information on which to base an estimate) OiUs Alfiilfn Cloxcr Mild Apples Peiiches Pniiios and (Jlicrric'S ' niixt'd hay plums A B A B A i> A B A B A A B Bit. Bu. Tons Tons Tons Tons nu. Uu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. L'>. Ui. 10 15 0. 5 0. 8 12 17 . 5 . 9 60 80 45 60 50 70 30 40 35 55 3. 2 4. 0 1. 9 2. 7 180 260 135 195 160 230 90 130 30 45 3. 0 3. 8 1. 8 2. 6 140 240 105 180 125 210 70 120 30 40 2. 6 3. 4 1. 5 2. 3 120 170 90 125 105 150 GO 85 20 30 2. 2 3. 0 1. 2 2. 0 110 160 80 120 95 140 55 80 35 50 2. 8 3. 8 1. 7 2. 4 170 240 125 180 150 210 85 120 30 45 2. 6 3. 2 1. 5 2. 2 140 210 105 155 125 180 70 105 25 40 2. 4 3. 0 1. 3 1. 9 130 180 95 135 115 160 65 90 22 35 2. 0 2. 8 1. 2 1. 7 120 170 90 125 105 145 60 85 30 40 2. 2 3. 2 1. 3 2. 0 130 180 95 135 110 155 65 90 20 30 1. 8 2. 6 1. 1 1. 6 90 130 70 110 80 120 45 65 15 20 . 6 1. 0 70 100 50 75 60 85 35 50 35 50 2. 8 3. 8 1. 7 2. 4 170 240 125 180 150 210 85 120 30 45 2. 6 3. 2 1. 5 2. 2 140 210 105 155 125 180 70 105 25 40 2. 4 3. 0 1. 3 1. 9 130 180 95 135 115 160 65 90 40 55 2. 4 3. 6 2. 0 2. 6 40 55 2. 4 3. 6 2. 2 3. 0 40 55 2. 4 3. 6 2. 2 3. 0 60 80 3. 4 5. 4 2. 5 3. 5 30 45 2. 4 3. 4 1. 4 2. 2 130 180 95 135 115 160 65 90 28 40 2 2 3 2 1. 3 2. 0 130 180 95 135 115 160 65 90 25 35 'i 0 2. 8 1. 2 1. 8 120 170 90 125 105 150 60 85 20 1. 4 2. 4 . 9 1. 4 90 140 65 105 80 120 45 70 35 45 1. 8 2. 6 30 40 1. 4 2. 2 1. 4 2. 2 1. 2 1. 8 1. 8 2. 7 30 40 2. 0 3. 0 25 35 2. 0 2. 8 1. 3 1. 8 140 190 105 140 120 165 70 95 20 32 1. 6 2. 6 1. 2 1. 7 120 170 90 125 105 150 60 85 18 25 1. 0 1. 4 100 150 75 110 85 125 50 75 25 35 2. 0 2. 8 1. 3 1. 8 140 190 105 140 120 165 70 95 25 35 2. 0 2. 8 1. 3 1. 8 140 190 105 140 120 165 70 95 20 32 1. 6 2. 6 1. 2 1. 7 120 170 90 125 105 150 60 85 18 25 1. 0 1. 4 100 150 75 110 85 125 50 75 18 25 1. 4 2. 2 1. 0 1. 4 100 150 75 110 85 125 50 75 25 35 2. 0 2. 8 1. 3 1. 8 140 190 105 145 120 175 70 95 20 30 1. 6 2. 6 1. 2 1. 7 120 170 90 125 105 150 60 85 15 25 1. 0 1. 4 100 150 75 110 85 125 50 75 15 25 1. 4 2. 2 1. 0 1. 4 100 150 75 110 85 125 50 75 1. 5 2. 8 1. 5 2. 3 1. 2 1. 8 1. 5 2. 5 1. 5 2. 3 1. 2 1. 8 1. 0 1. 4 15 25 1. 4 2. 2 1. 0 1. 4 100 150 75 115 90 135 50 75 18 25 1. 3 2. 0 . 8 1. 2 85 125 65 95 80 115 40 65 1 - i Pasture (cow- acre-days) ' 25 30 120 100 80 60 75 55 100 90 75 55 65 60 70 50 40 100 90 75 135 150 160 160 75 70 60 45 35 70 60 100 80 70 130 130 70 60 50 70 65 60 50 55 35 40 70 60 50 50 30 40 85 70 60 80 70 60 50 50 45 35 40 40 45 145 125 100 80 100 75 135 125 105 80 90 85 100 80 60 135 125 105 175 190 190 200 110 100 90 70 55 100 90 150 115 100 165 170 100 90 75 100 95 90 75 80 60 65 100 90 75 80 55 60 140 100 90 120 100 90 85 80 75 65 70 60 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 5. — Estimated average acre yiebh of specified crops under two [In coluiiuis A are yields under present management; in columns B are yields under improved management. Where Soil Murrill gravelly loam, 0 to '.i j)erceiit slopes Miirrill Kraxclly loam, 0 to S percent slopes, moderately eroded Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, inod(>rately eroded Murrill gravellN- loam, 8 to 25 })ercent sloj)es, severely eroded Murrill gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Murrill gravelly loam, 25 to 45 i)ercent sloi)es, moderately eroded Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 p(>rcent slopes, severely eroded ^ Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Murrill silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Murrill sill loam, 0 to 8 percent slojx^s, moderately eroded Murrill silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myers\ ille channery loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Myersville channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville chaiuiery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville channery loam, 20 to 30 {)ercent slojx's, moderately eroded Myersville chaiuiery loatri, 30 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, .severely eroded Myi'rsville chainier\ silt loam, 10 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded Myersville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes _._ Myersville silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville silt loam, 10 to 20 j)ercent slopes, moderately eroded Myersville very stony loam, 3 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Philo gravelly sandy loam Philo silt loanu Pope fine sandy loam Pope gravelly loam , Pope gravelly sandy loam Pope silt loani_ Pope stony gravelly loam Rohrersville silty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 0 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 10 to 20 percent slopes, .severely eroded Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 20 to 30 percent slopes I Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 20 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded... Terrace escarpments Thurmont gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Thurmont gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Trego gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 [jercent slopes Trego gravelly silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Tyler silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Warners loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Waynesboro gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Waynesboro gravelly loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Waynesboro gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Waynesboro gravelly loatn, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded Waynesboro gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Wehadkee silt loam Westmoreland channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Westmoreland channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Westmoreland channery silt loam, 3 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded Westmoreland channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded Westmoreland channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded 60 50 40 35 35 30 22 22 60 50 40 60 55 45 30 35 60 55 45 35 45 60 60 45 60 50 30 20 20 35 30 40 35 40 70 45 42 40 30 35 Bu. 95 85 70 Wh(?at Bu. 35 25 20 60 55 50 40 40 95 85 70 95 90 80 55 60 95 90 80 15 20 15 12 12 35 25 20 30 25 20 18 18 30 25 20 65 75 90 90 75 90 80 45 35 35 35 30 20 25 35 55 45 35 40 65 55 65 55 65 100 75 70 65 50 55 55 50 35 45 60 85 75 55 65 25 25 20 25 Bu. 50 40 35 25 30 25 20 20 50 40 35 40 35 30 25 25 40 35 30 20 15 12 12 18 15 20 15 25 22 20 15 18 15 15 8 10 30 22 18 20 35 35 30 35 30 22 18 18 28 25 35 20 35 30 28 22 25 25 22 15 20 40 30 25 28 Barley Bu. 40 35 30 25 30 25 20 20 40 35 30 40 35 30 25 25 40 35 30 35 35 30 35 80 22 18 18 30 25 30 20 35 32 30 20 25 28 20 15 18 40 30 25 28 ' Yields for cherries are not given on an acre basis, but as pounds per tree. WASHINCiTON COUNTY, MAHYLAND 01 Icrds of inainKjOiu iil on lite soI/k sititnhh for crop.s or pdsliii >, ( 'out iiiiird yields are not i^iven, either the soil is not suitable for that crop or l here is no information on wliich to base an estimate] Oats Alfalfa Clove r and Apples Peaches Priiii(;s and C/herri(?s ' mixed hay piiini!-: A B A B A B A B ^- A B A B A li Bu 7ons Tons 1 0718 _ / 0718 Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. tsu. lilt. Lh. Lb. 40 60 3. 0 4. 0 2. 0 2. 9 oO 00 9 R "< R o. o 1. 8 2. () 180 260 1 Q^i 1 tjO 160 230 Qn I7U 1 xn 1 ou 30 45 2. 2 3. 2 1. 4 2. 1 140 240 105 180 120 210 70 120 25 40 1. 8 2. 6 1. 2 1. 8 110 190 80 145 95 165 55 95 30 40 2. 6 3. 4 1. 5 2 3 120 170 90 125 105 150 60 85 OO 1 . o 9 fi 1. 2 1. 7 1 1 n 1 1 u 160 Rn ou 120 95 140 00 Rn ou ou 1 4 9 9 . 9 1. 3 Qn 130 fit; uo 80 115 4'i fi'i uo 20 30 1. 4 2. 2 9 1. 3 90 130 65 95 80 1 15 45 65 in fin n o. u 4 n u 2. 0 2. 9 OO R O. o 1. 8 2. 6 180 260 135 195 160 230 Qn 1 "^n 1 ou ou ^O 9 9 9 O. 1. 4 2. 1 1 4n 1 rtu 240 105 iRn 1 ou 120 210 7n 1 u 1 9n 1 ^u 4.n fin fi o. u 4 fi 2 2 3. 0 p>n ou 9 o. ^ 4 n U l! 9 2. 7 180 260 135 1 vo 160 230 90 1 "^n 1 ou "iO oU ^o 1 n O. 1/ 4 n 1. 8 2. 4 140 240 105 180 120 210 70 120 25 32 2. 6 3. 6 1. 6 2. 2 1 1 0 1 1 u 190 Rn ou 1 4*^ 95 165 Q^ OO 9 8 o. o 1. 7 2. 3 125 220 Qn i7U 160 105 185 fin uu 1 nn 1 uu 40 60 3. 6 4. 6 2. 2 3 0 35 50 3. 2 4. 0 1. 9 2. 7 180 260 135 195 160 230 90 130 ^O ■? n 4 n rr. U l! 8 2! 4 1 4n 1 rrU 240 105 180 120 210 7n 1 u 1 9n 1 ^u ou 'in ou 9 4 4 O. t: 1 2. 2 OO fin ou 9 4 ^ 4 O. T 1 . o 2. 2 ■^fl oyj '±o 1 R 1. o n o. u 1. 4 2! 1 OO "in ou 9 4 ^ 4 O. T 1. 5 2. 2 1. 6 2. 5 20 35 1. 6 2. 6 1. 2 1. 7 120 170 90 125 105 150 60 85 18 25 1. 2 2. 2 1 n 1 . u 1 1. 0 100 150 75 110 00 130 50 75 18 25 1. 2 2. 2 1 n 1 . u 1 ^ 1. 0 100 150 75 110 Ri^ 00 130 50 75 30 45 2. 2 3. 2 1 4 1. t 9 ^ 150 200 105 150 1/0 75 100 25 40 2. 0 2. 8 1. 2 2. 0 120 170 90 130 105 150 60 85 1. 0 9 '^ 1. 2 2. 3 1. 2 2. 2 2. 6 3. 7 35 50 2. 8 3. 8 1. 7 2. 4 170 240 125 180 150 210 85 120 32 45 2. 6 3. 2 1 1 . o 9 9 140 210 110 160 1^0 1 R^ 1 00 70 105 30 40 2. 4 3. 0 1. 3 1. 9 130 180 95 140 110 160 65 90 90 "in ou 1 4 9 9 . 9 1. 3 on yu 1 ^n 1 ou fiI^ DO inn lUU 75 115 •±o UO 25 35 2. 0 2. 6 1. 1 1. 7 120 170 90 125 105 145 60 85 28 40 2. 2 3. 2 1. 3 2. 0 130 180 95 140 110 160 65 90 20 30 1. 8 2. 6 1. 1 1. 6 90 130 65 100 80 115 45 65 15 20 . 6 1. 0 70 100 50 75 60 85 35 50 18 25 1. 2 2. 0 . 7 1. 2 80 120 60 90 70 105 40 60 1. 2 2. 0 35 55 3. 0 4. 2 2. 0 2. 8 180 260 135 195 155 225 90 130 30 45 2. 4 3. 2 1. 6 2. 4 140 210 105 155 125 160 70 105 25 38 1. 8 2. 6 1. 3 2. 0 100 150 75 110 85 130 50 75 28 40 2. 0 2. 8 1. 4 2. 2 120 175 90 130 105 145 60 85 i'ast lire Ccow- acre-days) ' 1 35 120 95 70 70 60 90 70 55 55 35 135 120 95 135 125 115 75 55 85 70 135 125 115 55 75 100 120 120 90 120 95 115 60 45 45 35 75 80 60 85 65 70 160 100 90 75 55 60 50 55 70 50 40 45 70 120 100 75 80 50 The number of days in a calendar year that 1 acre will support 1 cow, horse, or steer without injury to the pasture. 62 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 19 5 9, NO. 17 Use and Management of Soils This section has four subsections. The first consists of an exphmation of the capability chxssilication of soils and of suf^gestions for the use and management of the soils of the county for agriculture; the second discusses the use of the soils for forest; the third is concerned with engineering properties of soils in relation to high- way construction, irrigation, sewage disposal, and other engineering jjrojects; and the fouith discusses the use of the soil survey in community and county planning. Capability Groups of Soils The capability classification is a grouping of soils that shows, in a general way, how suitable they are for most kinds of farming. It is a practical grouping based on limitations of the soils, the risk of damage when they are used, and the way they respond to treatment. In this system all tlie kinds of soil are grouped at three levels — the capability class, subclass, and miit. The eight cai^ability classes in the broadest groui)ing are designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. In class I are the soils that have few limitations, the widest range of use, and the least risk of damage when they are used. Tiie soils in the other classes have progressively greater natural limitations. In class VIII are soils and landforms so rough, shallow, or otherwise limited that they do not produce wortliwhile yields of crops, forage, or wood products. The subt'lasses indicate major kinds of limitations with- in the classes. Within most of the classes there can be up to four subclasses. The subclass is indicated by adding a small letter, e, tv, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, He. The letter e shows that the main limitat ion is risk of erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; w means that water in or on the soil will interfere with j^lant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial drainage) ; s shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or stony, and c, used in only some parts of the country, indicates that the chief limitation is climate that is too cold or too dry. In class I there are no subclasses, because the soils of this class have few or no limitations. Class V can con- tain, at the most, only subclasses to. s. and c. because the soils in it have little or no erosion hazard but have other limitations that limit their use largely to pasture, range, woodland, or wildlife. Within the subclasses are the capability units, groups of soils enough alike to be suited to the same crops and pasture plants, to require similar management, and to have similar productivity and other responses to manage- ment. Thus, the capability unit is a convenient grouping of soils for many statements about their management. Capability units are generally identified by numbers assigned locally, for example, IIe-1 or IIIe-4. Soils are classified in capabilit}^ classes, subclasses, and units in accordance with the degree and kind of their permanent limitations; but without consideration of major and generally expensive landforming that would change the slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soil ; and without consideration of possible but unlikely major rec- lamation projects. The eight classes in tlie capability system, and the subclasses and units in this county, are given in the list that follows. The numbers of the units in the list are not consecutive because they are a i)art of a statewide system of capability grouping, not all units of wliicli are represented in Washington County. (^lass I. Soils that have few limitations that restrict their use. Capability unit I-l. Deep, well-drained, nearly level soils developed from or influenced by limestone. Capability unit 1-4. Deep, well-drained, nearly level soils not significantly influenced by lime- stone. Capability unit 1-6. Deep, well-drained soils on flood plains and low terraces. Class II. Soils that have some limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that require moderate conserva- tion practices. Subclass He. Nearly level to gently sloping soils, subject to erosion if tilled. Capability unit IIe-1. Deep, well-drained, near- ly level to gently sloping soils with a friable surface layer; developed from or influenced by limestone and moderately limited by the hazard of erosion. Capability unit IIe-4. Deep, well-drained, near- ly level to gently sloping soils; not appreciably influenced by limestone but moderately limited by the hazard of erosion. Capability unit IIe-10. Nearly level to sloping, well-drained soils that are somewhat shallow to moderately deej) to acid rock. Capability unit lIe-11. Nearly level to sloping, somewhat excessively drained soils that are shallow to materials somewhat influenced by lime. Capability unit IIe-13. Gently sloping, moder- ately eroded soils that have a tight subsoil that restricts drainage. Capability unit IIe-19. Deep, well-drained, nearly level to gently sloping, heavy-textured or fine-textured soils developed from lime- stone, and which are moderately limited by the hazard of erosion. Capability unit IIe-26. Deep, well-drained, nearly level to gently sloping, friable soils developed from cherty limestone, and which are moderately limited by the hazard of erosion. Subclass IIw. Moderately wet soils. Capability imit IIw-1. Nearly level to gently sloping soils that have impeded drainage and that are not influenced by lime. Capability unit IIw-7. Nearly level to slop- ing, moderately well drained soils of flood plains and upland depressions, not subject to frequent damaging floods. Subclass lis. Nearly level to sloping soils, moder- ately limited by physical characteristics. Capability unit ils-1. Deep, well-drained, near- ly level, heavy-textured or fine-textured soils that have developed from limestone; moder- WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND ately limited by difFiculty of cult ival ion and mana<2;ement. Capability unit IIs-2. Nearly level to slopinjr, sandy and <^ravelly soils; moderately limited by low moisture capacity. Capability unit IIs-7. Nearly level to sloping, well-drained soils that are rather shallow to acid rock; moderately limited by low moisture capacity. Class III. Soils that have severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants or that require special conservation practices, or both. Subclass Ille. Sloping soils that have high risk of erosion if tilled. Capability unit IIIe-1. Deej), well-drainod, sloping to somewhat rolling soils with a friable surface layer; developed from or influenced by limestone, and moderately eroded. Capability unit Ille— 1. Deep, well-drained, sloping to somewhat rolling soils, not ap- preciably influenced by limestone, and moder- ately eroded. Capability unit IIIe-5. Deep, well-drained, gently to strongly sloping, sandy and gravelly soils that are moderately eroded. Capability unit IIIe-6. Well-drained soils on bottom land that have short, irregular, and, in some places, rather steep slopes; subject to serious erosion. Capability unit IIIe-10. Sloping to strongly sloping, well-drained soils that are somewhat shallow to acid rock, and are moderately eroded. Capability unit IIIe-13. Sloping to strongly sloping, moderately eroded soils that have a tight subsoil that restricts drainage. Capability unit IIIe-26. Deep, well-drained, sloping to strongly sloping, moderately eroded soils tliat liave developed from cherty lime- stone. Capability unit IIIe-30. iModerately deep and deep, well-drained, sloping and moderately eroded, or gently sloping and severely eroded, fine-textured soils that have developed from limestone. Capability unit IIIe-31. Sloping to strongly sloping, somewhat excessively drained, moder- ately eroded soils that are shallow to materials somewhat influenced by lime. Capability unit IIIe-32. Sloping to strongly sloping, well-drained, moderately eroded soils that are rather shallow to acid rock. Capability unit IIIe-44. Deep, well-drained, gently sloping and slo])ing, severely eroded soils not influenced by limestone. Subclass IIIw. Wet soils that require artificial drainage if tilled. Capability unit IIIw-1. Poorly drained soils of flood plains, not influenced by lime. Capability unit IIIw-2. Poorly drained and very poorly drained soils of flood plains, strongly influenced by lime. Subclass Ills. Soils that are severely limited by their physical characteristics. 599553—62 5 Capability unit IlIs-2. Gently sloping and slop- ing, excessively drained, moderately eroded, very shallow soils. Class IV. Soils that have very severe limitations that restrict the choice of plants, or that recjuire very careful management, or both. Subclass IVe. Soils that are very severely limited by risk of erosion if tilled. Capability unit IVe-1. Moderately deep and deep, rolling to hilly, well-drained soils; moderately to severely eroded and developed from or influenced by limestone. Capability unit IVe-3. Deep, rolling to hilly, well-drained soils, mostly moderately eroded and not appreciably influenced by limestone. Capability unit IVe-5. Deep, well-drained, sloping to rolling, gravelly and sandy soils that are moderately and severely eroded. Capability unit IVe-9. Strongly sloping to hilly, moderately eroded soils that have a tight subsoil that restricts drainage. Capability unit IVe-10. Strongly sloping to hilly, well-drained soils that are somewhat shallow to acid rock; moderately to severely eroded. Capability unit IVe-26. Deep, well-drained, rolling to hilly soils developed from cherty limestone; moderately to severely eroded. Capability unit IVe-31. Rolling to hilly, some- what excessively drained soils that are shallow to materials somewhat influenced by lime; moderately to severely eroded. Capability unit IVe-32. Rolling to hilly soils tliat are shallow to acid rock; moderately and severely eroded. Class V. Soils that have little or no erosion hazard but have other limitations that are impractical to remove and that limit their use largely to pasture, woodland, or wildlife food and cover. Only sulaclass Vs is in this county, but the soils subject to frequent floods, if mapped separately, would be in this class, subclass V-^v. Subclass Vs. Soils that are limited in use to grazing or woodland because of excessixe stoniness or rockiness. Capability unit Vs-1. Nearly level, well-drain- ed, very rocky soils; rockiness consists of lime- stone outcrops. Capability unit Vs-2. Nearly level or very gently sloping, stony and very stony soils that are mostly well drained and not afi'ected by limestone. Class VI. Soils that have severe limitations that make them generally unsuitable for cultivation and limit their use largely to pasture, woodland, or wildlife food and cover. Subclass Vie. Soils that are moderately limited for pasture or trees by risk of erosion if cover is not maintained. Capability unit VIe-1. Rolling and severely eroded or steep and moderately eroded, well- drained soils that have developed from lime- stone. Capability unit VIe-2. Rolling and severely eroded or steep and moderately eroded, well- 64 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 drained, fairly deep soils that have not been appreciably affected by limestone. Capability unit VIe-3. Sloping and severely eroded to moderately steep, practically un- eroded, shallow and very shallow soils. Subclass VIw. Soils severely limited by poor drain- age or by very frequent damaging overflow, or both. Capability unit VIav-1. Poorly drained soils subject to very frequent overflows. Subclass Vis. Soils severely limited by stones and outcrops of rock. Capability unit VIs-1. Sloping to steep, well- drained, very rocky soils that are moderately eroded; rockiness consists of limestone out- crops. Capability unit VIs-2. Gently sloping to moder- ately steep, well-drained, very stony soils that are not affected by limestone. Class VII. Soils that have very severe limitations that make them unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use largely to pasture, woodland, or wildlife shelter. Subclass Vile. Soils restricted in use to woodland and grazing because of extreme hazard of erosion. Capability unit VIIe-1. Very steep or very severely eroded soils, or both, which have developed from limestone. Capability unit VIIe-2. Very steep or very severely eroded soils, or both, which are not influenced by limestone. Capability unit VIIe-3. Very steep or very severely eroded, sliallow soils, or both. Subclass VIIs. Soils restricted in use to woodland and grazing by extreme rockiness or stoniness. Capability unit VIIs-1. Severely eroded or very steep, very rocky and extremely rocky soils; rockiness consists of limestone outcrops. Capability unit VIIs-2. Shallow or steep, very stony soils that are not influenced by lime- stone. Class VIII. Soils and land types not suitable for agri- culture and restricted in use to recreation and wildlife. Subclass VIIIs. Land restricted to nonagricultural uses because of adverse physical characteristics. Capability unit VIIIs-1. Extremely rough, stony, and steep land, and large expanses of barren rock. Management by Capability Units On the following pages each capability unit is de- scribed briefly, the soils in each unit are listed, and some suggestions for the use and management of those soils are given. CAPABILITY UNIT I-l This unit consists of deep, well-drained soils that have been developed in material that weathered from limestone or was otherwise strongly influenced by lime. The soils occupy nearly level areas in valleys and on old stream terraces. None of these soils has been significantly af- fected by erosion. All of them have a rather friable sur- face layer, and tliey are easily worked and managed. The soils of this unit are — Duffield silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Etowah gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent sloi)es. Etowah silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Fraukstown and Duffield chauuery silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Ilagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Ilagerstown silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. These soils occur throughout the great limestone valley section of the eastern part of the county. Their total area is about 5,300 acre^s, or 1.8 ])ercent of the county. All of the soils of this capability unit are fertile and productive. They have the highest natural fertility of any group of scjils in the county. They are easily worked, with little danger of deterioration by erosion or loss of productiveness. These soils are well suited to all crops common to the county, with the possible exception of orchard crops because of poor air drainage in many loca- tions. Tliey are excellent for pasture. Tliey are deep and well drained and have a thick, frialile surface layer of medium to moderately fine texture. The Frankstown soils contain some chert, shale, or in some places limestone fragments, but this in no way interferes with cultivation or lessens their productiveness. Practically all soils of this capability unit have been cleared and are in use for crops or pasture (except for some urban areas). Agriculture in AVashington County is essentially dairy and livestock farming. These enter- prises are especially concentrated and important on the soils in this capability unit. Some of these soils are used for corn year after year, almost continuously, but a 3-year rotation is more common. Corn or some other row crop is generally followed by wheat or barley, or sometimes by oats, and these, in turn, are followed by clover or mixed hay, or sometimes by alfalfa. Some fields are kept in alfalfa for 3 to 5 years, then put into corn for a year or more, and then are reseeded to alfalfa. There are some excellent pastures on these soils. Although some of these soils are being used to their best advantage in agriculture, urban and suburban ex- pansion are using up some of the best agricultural land in the county. On the areas that are still used for agri- culture, there are some measures that would increase pro- ductiveness. Soil testing should be more universally done, in order that fertilizers and lime can be vised to their greatest effectiveness. AAHien corn is grown almost con- tinuously, a winter cover crop should be grown between corn crops. None of these soils has a slope of more than 3 percent, but the long slopes should be farmed in strips at right angles to the direction of the grade, to help prevent possible losses by erosion. These are the best soils of the county. They should be more intensively farmed and even better managed. They contribute much to the economy of the county, but could contribitte even more. CAPABILITY UNIT I^ This unit consists of deep, well-drained, nearly level soils. The soils occupy small areas on flat ridgetops in the uplands and in some valleys, and they are also on some old terraces. They have not been significantly influenced by limestone, except for some areas of the Murrill soils. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MAUVLANU 65 None of the soils in this unit luis been significantly af- fected by erosion. The soils in (his unit arc — Fauquier chauuory loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Fauquier silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Hif^hlield gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Holston gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Holston silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Laidig gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Murrill gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Murrill silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Myersville channery loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Myersville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. These soils occur in many parts of the county. Al- thouo-h none of them is strictly within the great lime- stone valley, some of them are on foot slopes and other areas adjacent to the valley. The total area of the soils is about 3,300 acres, or 1.1 percent of the county. These soils ai'e deep and not eroded; they have a moderate to high moisture-supplying capacity. The soils have little limitation for use for any purpose. They differ from the soils of capability unit 1-1 in that they are commonly more acid, are much more gravelly or chan- nery, and as a rule are somewhat less productive. Al- though a number of different soils make up this capa- bility unit, the individual areas of most of them are rather small. They occupy the most nearly level spots in much larger areas where most of the soils are sloping to hilly. None of these soils has been significantly affected by erosion. Because they are acid, the soils need lime, and they also need a good fertility program. They are, on the average, only fairly well supplied with plant nu- trients. The soils of capability unit are used for all of the common crops of the county and for good quality pasture. Some of them, particularly those of the Laidig and Murrill series, have sufficiently good air drainage for good orchards, but this is not true of all the areas. Most of these soils have been cleared and put to use, but some small areas are still in forest. Yields are commonly less than on soils of capability unit I-l, yet some of the finest farms in the county are located where these soils are being well managed. Because they generally occur in small spots, manage- ment is commonly the same as for surrounding or ad- jacent soils that make up a greater part of many fields. The surrounding soils may belong to almost any capa- bility unit, but most commonly are in capability unit IIe-4 or IIIe-4. The soils of capability unit 1-4 require somewhat more careful management than soils of capa- bility unit I-l, because they are somewhat less fertile. Either 3-year or 4-year I'otations are ideal for them, but rotations can well be extended to 5 or more years if such a crop as alfalfa occupies the land for 3 or more years. Under average present management, yields on soils of capability unit 1-4 are fairly high, but could be im- proved considerably by more careful management and treatment. Good average yields of corn, for instance, are probably between 50 and 70 bushels per acre, but these yields could be increased by 20 to 30 bushels. It is not at all unusual to have yields of 90 to 100 bushels or more on the best managed fields, and, if improved manage- ment were more widely practiced, the average yields of corn could approach such figures. CAi'Ar.ii.ri'Y i .M'j- I <; This unit consists of nearly level, well-drained, friable soils on flood plains and on low sireain terraces. 'J'hese soils may be flooded, but normally flooding is very infre- quent. The soils of this unit are — Ashton fine sandy loam, 0 to ti percent slopes. Congaree silt loam and gravelly loam. Huntington line sandy loam. Huntington gravelly loam. Huntington silt loam. Huntington silt loam, local allmiuiri. Pope line sandy loam. Pope gravelly loam. Pope silt loam. These soils are located along streams and rivers in all parts of the county. The largest areas are within flood plains in the great limestone valley, or in upland depres- sions where similar materials have accumulated. Small, very narrow strips that lie along some of the smaller streams and drainageways are generally used and man- aged like the adjacent soils. The total area of this iinit is about 11,500 acres, or 3.9 percent of the county. These soils are well suited to most of the common crops and to pasture. The Pope and Congaree soils are fairly fertile, and crops on them respond well to management; the Huntington and Ashton soils are even more fertile and productive. Although orchards are not generally planted on soils of the flood plains, there are some or- chards on these soils in the county. Some crops can be grown on these soils without fertilizer or lime, but the practice is not recommended. The moisture supply is nearly always adequate for crops, since these deep soils are readily penetrated by roots. A few areas of these soils may be subject to floods that damage crops. The use of these areas should be adjusted to the flood hazard; for example, areas that are very frequently flooded should be kept in permanent sod or trees. Corn and hay are the principal crops. Corn may be grown continuously year after year, preferably with a cover crop between corn seasons. Mixed hay is a com- mon crop and may be grazed part of the time. Small grains as a rule are not grown, because there is some danger of flooding and lodging. The average pi-oductivity of these soils, particularly of the Ashton and the Huntington soils, is high. Of spe- cial importance is the fact that well-managed pastures on these soils have perhaps the greatest carrying capa- cities of any pastures in the county. Fertilizer and lime should be used on these soils as indicated by soil tests, and they will generally be applied to corn, whether it is grown in rotation or as a continuous crop. Animal manure is especially valuable for corn. Weeds are a common pest in pastures unless they are controlled. They can be controlled with chemical weed killers, or by proper fertilization, carefidly regulated grazing, and mowing at proper intervals. Perhaps the most valuable single tool in pasture management on any soil is the mowing machine, and the machine is easily used on these soils. CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-1 This mut consists of deep, well-drained, nearly level to gently sloping soils that have a friable surface layer. 66 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 These soils liave been developed in or slronglj^ influenced by niatorial that weathered from limestone, and they are moderately limited by the hazard of erosion. The soils of this unit are — • Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Dunmore cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Etowah gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Etowah silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frankstown and Duliield channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Ilagerstown silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown silty chiy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These soils are e.xtensive in the limestone valley, and they occur in scattered areas in the western part of the county. They occupy about 48,500 acres, which is 16.1 percent of the comity. Besides being deep, well drained, and fertile, the soils of this capability unit are fairly easily worked and manaoed and ai"e highly productive. Although erosion is a problem, it is not a serious one under good manage- ment. The soils can be fairly easily conserved. Since there has been some erosion, these soils are slightly less productive, on the average, than those of capability unit I-l. The soils of unit IIe-1 need careful attention, and most of them have been getting it ever since the area was first settled. These soils are used the same way as the soils of capa- bility unit I-l ; that is, for corn, small grains, hay ci'ops, and pasture, in support of the dominant livestock eco- nomy where they occur. In addition, some areas, partic- ularly of Dunmore and Westmoreland soils, are used for orchards. In general farming, 3-year and 4-year rota- tions are commonly used. The chief single crops are corn and hay, generally grown in a rotation of 1 year of corn followed by 2 or more years of mixed hay or of alfalfa. These soils are particularly well suited to legumes, such as alfalfa and clover, which in turn contribute much to the fertility and productivity of the soils. Yields of all crops are high under average prevailing management. The special management needed on these soils consists chiefly of the maintenance of fertility and the prevention of erosion. The soils should be tested and given lime and fertilizer according to the needs indicated. Full use should be made of all manure and crop residue. Erosion is not serious. It never will be a very great hazard if proper contour tillage and stripcropping, with supporting practices, are used. In some places runoff water should be diverted into natural drainageways, and the drainageways should be kept cai'efully sodded. Out- lets of such diversions must be well prepared and care- fully maintained or the concentrated water is likely to cause gullies. These soils are the most important in the county be- cause of their extent and their high productivity. If they are properly conserved and carefully managed, pro- duction can become even higher and there will never be more than a slight danger of damaging soil losses. The soils are probably more productive now than they were a hundred j^ears ago. CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-4 This unit consists of deep, well-drained, nearly level to gently sloping soils that were developed in nonlimy materials and are not appreciably influenced by limestone. The soils are similar to those of capability unit I^, but they are more limited by the hazard of erosion. In this unit are — Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 0 to 12 percent slopes. Fauquier channery loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Fauquier silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Ilighfleld gravelly loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Holston gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Holston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Laidig gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Thurmont gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These soils are located throughout the county except in the limestone valley. The total area is about 22,200 acres, or 7.5 percent of the county. The soils are much like those of capability unit IIe-1, except that they have not been appreciably influenced by limestone in their development. All of these soils are acid unless they have been limed, although in some places lime is present in the deep, un- derlying strata. They are all at least moderately fertile, and the best of these soils, particularly those of the Fauquier, Highfield, Murrill, and Myersville series, are highly productive. Perhaps the soils of the lowest na- tural productivity are those of the Laidig series. All the soils are medium textured, and many of them have considerable amounts of gravel or schist fragments in the surface layer and throughout the profile. The surface layer is friable and easily worked when moist. Some of the soils of this capability unit have slopes up to 10 or 12 percent, and, on some of the sloping soils, there has been a moderate amount of erosion. Nowhere is erosion very serious, but everywhere it is more of a hazard than it is on the soils of capability unit 1-4. These soils are widely used for livestock and general farming. Many of the better orchards are concentrated on them, particularly in the areas near Smithsburg, Boonsboro, and Clear Spring. This is not only because the soils are well drained, permeable, and fertile, but also because they are in positions that have the good air drainage so essential for practical orcharding. Apples, peaches, prunes, and plums are extensively grown. Cropping systems are essentially the same as for the soils in capability unit 1-4. The 3-year rotation is the most commonly followed, but rotations may extend as long as 5 or 6 years if alfalfa is grown for 3 years or more. A large proportion of the soils is in pasture, probably more than in any other capability unit. The pastures generally have been well managed, and their carrying capacity is high. Grass-clover mixtures are most commonly used for grazing. Much hay is produced, consisting of alfalfa, WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 67 clovers, or mixtures of these. Most of these soils have been fairly well managed, and many of the farmers are cooperators with the soil conservation district. The chief re(iuirements for soil management are to maintain fertility and prevent erosion. Tliese soils need more fertilizer, manure, and lime than do the soils of the limestone valley. If sucli amendments are used according to the needs indicated by soil tests, fertility and produc- tivity can be maintained. On long slopes that have gradients of 10 to 12 percent, contour tillage, st ripcropping, and very careful water disposal are needed to prevent loss of soil. These meas- ures, plus the maintenance of a vegetative cover most of the time will prevent soil losses, or at least limit them to allowable amounts. Management of these soils generally has been good, but it can be improved on many farms. Observations show that the average productivity of these soils can be increased by perhaps 30 to 40 percent through the use of methods that are already known. A few of the better farms are producing at least that much more than aver- age farms on the same soils. With improved manage- ment, these soils can continue to produce high yields for the indefinite future with little, if any, deterioration. CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-10 In this unit are nearly level to sloping, well-drained soils that are somewhat shallow to moderately deep over shale or schist. Some areas have lost part of the original surface layer through erosion, and danger of erosion is a limiting hazard on all areas. The soils of this unit are — Calvin channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin channery fine sandy loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These soils are in various parts of the county, except in the limestone valley. They occupy about 1,600 acres, or one-half of 1 percent of the county. Because these soils are somewhat shallow to moder- ately deep and are well drained, they become somewhat droughty during long, dry periods. All of these soils are strongly acid and rather low in fertility, so they are less productive, on the average, than most of the other soils of capability class II. General farming is the chief agricultural pattern, with some emphasis on orchards. The Calvin soils are in the western part of the county, and the Chandler soils, mostly near the Potomac River north and west of Harpers Ferry. In general farming the 3-year rotation of corn, a small grain, and hay is most commonly used. However from a standpoint of maximum soil protection and greatest production over long periods, the rotation could be in- creased to 4 or 5 years. Hay crops or pasture should be used to extend the rotations. On these rather shallow, acid soils, alfalfa does not last so well as on most deeper soils, and it is seldom kept in fields for more than 2 years or possibly 3 years. All of the soils of capability unit IIe-10 require meas- ures to maintain fertility, and they should have all the moisture-conserving practices that can be applied. Con- siderable amounts of fertilizer will be required, and a great deal of lime. Amounts to be used should be de- cided only after the soils have been tested for content of the various plant milrients and the requirement for lime has been determined. All available animal inanure and i)lant residue should be returned to the soil. Legu- minous crops and cover crops should be grown wherever possible. Contour tillage and contour stripcropping will be especially valuable in conserving moisture and in checking erosion. "VVlierever w^ater concentrates, as in waterways and outlets, it shovdd be dispersed on a sodded area. This will slow down the flow of water and allow more to penetrate into the soil, and the sod will catch much of the soil material carried in the water. CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-11 This unit consists of nearly level to sloping, somewhat excessively drained soils that are moderately deep over shale material that contains some lime. These soils are limited by shallowness and by the moderate hazard of erosion. They are — • Litz channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 0 to 8 percent slopes. The soils of this unit are a little more fertile than the soils of capability units IIe-10 and IIIs-2, because of the influence of lime. They are in scattered areas in the west- ern part of the coimty, and also on some narrow ridge- tops within the limestone valley. Their total area is about 1,500 acres, or one-half of 1 percent of the county. Some of the Litz channery loam is still in forest, but practically all of the acreage of Litz-Teas channery silt loams in this capability unit are in more intensive use. Even though these soils are moderately deep and tend to be droughty at times, they are rather extensively used for orchards. Orchards on them are somewhat more pro- ductive than those on the other somewhat shallow soils of the same areas, notably those of capability units IIe-10 and IIIs-2. Although erosion has not been very active on the soils of capability unit IIe-11, the hazard of erosion is pre- sent. For control of erosion and management of the soil, the same practices are needed that have been indicated for capability unit IIe-10. With these practices, the soils of capability unit IIe-11 should be productive in spite of their shallowness and tendency to be droughty. CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-13 This unit consists of gently sloping, moderately eroded soils that have a tight subsoil that restricts drainage. These soils are only moderately well drained, even though they have good surface drainage. The soils of this unit are — Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Landisburg cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. ;\Ionougahela gi'avelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These soils are in various parts of the county, outside the limestone valley. The areas, as a rule, are small. Their 68 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 195 9, NO. 17 total area is about 2,600 acres, or about eight-tent lis of 1 percent of the county. These soils are used for general crops, but many of them are still in forest. Altliovigh surface drainage is good, much water is retained in tlie soil in wet seasons because internal drainage is slow. This causes lieaving, particularly in spring; perennial cro2)s, such as alfalfa, arc damaged, and the stands do not last long, liecause of wetness in spring, corn is genei'ally planted later on these soils than on well-drained soils. The slow internal drainage promotes runoff, so the hazard of erosion is greater than is normal on moderate slopes. Runoff shoidd be di\'erted above areas of these soils wherever possible. Strips should not be exactly on the contour, but graded to promote drainage. All outlets of waterways and diversion terraces nmst be sodded or otherwise caref\dly protected to prevent the formation of rills and gullies. In general fai-ming a -'5-year rotation of row crops, grain, and hay is satisfactory. The soils are very good for pasture, and tall grasses and wet-tolerant clovers grow well. Grazing should be limited during wet pe- riods to prevent puddling and compacting of the surface layer. These soils are subject to erosion and also to the haz- ards of restricted internal drainage. To manage them successfully, it is necessary to provide cover and control runoff, provide surface drainage, choose water-tolerant crops, and avoid cultivating or trampling when the soil is wet. CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-19 This unit consist of deep, well-drained, nearly level or gently sloping, fine-textured soils that are umlerlain by limestone and are moderately limited by the hazard of erosion. The soils of this unit have a finer textured surface layer than those of capability unit IIe-1, and they are more difficult to cultivate and to manage. The soils of this unit are — Benevola clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These soils are in various parts of the limestone valley. They amount to about 1,200 acres, or four-tenths of 1 percent of the county. These soils contain lime and are above average in fertility. They are also hea\^ and tend to warm up late in spring. The soils are gently sloping but wash easily because water does not readily penetrate the fine-textured surface layer. Plowing and cultivating are difficult and almost impossible when the soil is too wet or too dry. The soils are sticky and plastic; they puddle and form clods easily if worked a little too wet, and generally are very hard when they are too dry. Maintaining good soil structure by turning mider cover crops and crop residues and by using large amounts of animal manure may be one key to success in managing these soils. When properly managed, these are excellent agricul- tural soils and are suitable for practically all crops. Erosion control is highly important. Farming should be done in well-graded strips, with diversions and water- ways to control and dispose of water with great care. CAPABILITY UNIT IIe-26 This unit consists of deep, well-drained, nearly level to gently sloping, friable soils that are underlain by cherty limestone and are moderately limited by the haz- ard of erosion. The surface of the soil is generally cov- ered with small chert fragments that help to protect it from erosion. The soils of this unit are — EUiber cherty loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frederick cherty silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These are excellent orchard soils where air drainage is satisfactory. They occur, generally on ridgetops, in the western part of the county. The total area is about 1,200 acres, or four-tenths of 1 percent of the county. For general farming, a 4-year rotation with legume hay for 2 years is well suited to these soils. Although erosion is the most important management problem, the soils are not so readily eroded as many other soils that have the same degree of slope. The soils are somewhat open and porous, and the numerous chert fragments tend to protect tlie surface from rain splash and from washing. In Washington County these soils are used intensively for orchards. They hold moisture well, and nearly all the areas have good air drainage. Most orchards are kept covered with a sod of grasses and clovers, Avhich make excellent green manui'e when turned under once a year. The orchards should be planted and cultivated on the contour. The combination of contour cultivation and sod cover will check runoff and encourage water to enter the soil, thus reducing erosioii damage while build- ing up the moisture supply for the orchard trees. CAPABILITY UNIT IIw-1 This unit consists of nearly level or very gently slop- ing soils that have somewhat impeded drainage. The soils are on uplands and terraces and have not been in- fluenced by lime. The soils of this unit are — Buchanan gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Trego gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Small tracts of these soils are scattered throughout most of the county outside of the limestone valley. There are onl}^ about 660 acres, or two-tenths of 1 percent of the county. The soils of this capability unit are like those of capa- bility units IIe-13 and IIIe-13, except that they are nearly level. iVlthough they are considei'ed to be mod- erately well drained, they are so nearly level that they remain wet for rather long periods and are slow to dry out and warm up in spring. The wetness resulting from impeded drainage in this climate is more of a problem than is the control of erosion. The use of these soils is limited by their impeded drain- age and also by their rather low fertilit3^ The soils are used mostly for corn, hay crops, and pasture. Alfalfa is not well suited unless good drainage can be established, because the soil tends to heave in cold weather. The most common cropping systems are either continuous corn or corn followed b}- hay for 1 year or more. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 09 The preseni uses of those soils :irc prohiihly (lie most suitable. Hay crops should iuclude tail o-i asses and clovers that tolerate wetness. The same plants are also suitable for pasture. Fertility nnist be maintained and lime ap- plied i'oi- maxinuun productivity. Kunoll' water from hio-her areas should be diverted around these soils and away from them. Diversion ter- races will accomplish part of the draina<^e that is needed, and the w^ettest spots should have excess water removed by oi)en V-ty^)e ditches or, in some places, by tile drains. When the soils are wet they cannot be cultivated and should not be "grazed. Good grazing cannot be main- taineercent slopes, se\orely eroded. AViiyiiesboi-() gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These soils are on old terraces and on foot slopes mostly near the Potomac lliver. The total area is only 4G2 acres, a little less than two-tenths of 1 percent of the county. Like the other soils of subclass IVe, these soils cannot be cultivated with safety except at long intervals. Rota- tions sijuilar to those given for soils of capability luiits IVe-1 or IVe-3 can be used. However, the light, sandy soils of this capability imit are less productive because they are somewhat droughty and generally lower in supply of plant initrients. If local climatic and other factors are favorable (air drainage is extremely impor- tant), the soils of this unit are fairly well suited to orchards. Whatever the use, these soils must be protected from erosion. Liberal use of fertilizer and manure is needed for whatever crop is planted. Irrigation will increase yields greatly and is probably practical on orchards if water is available. CAPABILITY UNIT IVe-9 In this capability unit are strongly sloping to hilly soils that have a tight subsoil that restricts internal drainage. External drainage is rapid. These soils have been moderately eroded and are severely limited by the hazard of further erosion. They are — Buclianan gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongaliela silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. There ai-e only a few scattered areas of these soils and they are in the western part of the county. They amount to i43 acres, or one-twentieth of 1 percent of the county. These soils have excessive runoff during wet periods; rain or snowmelt water penetrate them very slowly, be- cause of the tight subsoil. They are thus especially sub- ject to erosion. The tight subsoil also causes the soil to remain very wet after normal, well-drained soils have dried enough that they can be tilled. Annual crops must be planted late, after normal seeding time. For these reasons, if clean-tilled ci'ops are grown, they should be grown in a long-time rotation with hay crops, or perhaps with rotation pasture. Pasture should not be grazed during wet weather, but should be held in reserve for di'ier times of the year. Pasture may not carry well through extremely dry weather, because the tight subsoil limits the moisture-supplying capacity. These soils must be well managed or they will be severely damaged by erosion. CAPABILITY UNIT IVe-10 This cai)al)ilily unit consists of strongly sloping to hilly, shallow to moderately deep soils that are underlain by acid shale and mica schist. The soils of this unit are — Calvin channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes. Calvin channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 10 to 20 i)ercent slopes, ni(^derately eroded. Talhulega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 20 to 30 percent slopes. These soils are in various parts of the county. They occupy about 1,070 acres, or six-tenths of 1 percent of the county. The soils of this capability unit are shallow or mod- erately deep, and they contain many fragments of rock. Most of them are ratiier low in I'eitility and tend to be di-oughty during periods of low rainfall. They are all sub ject to a seA ere hazard of ei'osion. The severely eroded soils are less productive than the others. A considerable part of the soils not moderately or severely eroded is still in forest. Most of these wooded areas are not large. They generally consist of blocks of trees or of woodlots on fairly steep slopes. The cleared areas are used mostly for hay crops or for pasture and some for tree and berry fruits. Enough corn and small grains are grown, or have been grown, to expose many areas of these soils to active erosion. Pastures are gen- erally rather poor and overgrazed. Tliese soils should be used for tilled crops no more often than 1 year in about .5, and hay or pasture crops should be gi-o\\ n the rest of the rotation. iMore tree and beriy fruits could be planted. Well-sodded and well-managed or- chards are suitable for the soils in this capability unit. Because of their limiting features, these soils must be especially well managed if production is to be maintained on them. Good management of pasture is especially needed because these soils cannot normally produce as much grazing as can the deeper and better soils. The chance of overgrazing, therefore, is greater. CAPABILITY UNIT IVe-26 This unit consists of rolling, well-drained soils on cherty limestone. The soils are very severely limited by the hazard of erosion. They are- Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slojjes, severely eroded. Frederick cherty silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These soils are on strongly sloping ridges in the west- ern part of the county. They occupy only about 1,200 acres, or four-tenths of 1 jjercent of the county. These soils are so severely eroded or so strongly slop- ing that they are very severely limited for use for cul- tivated crops. Possibly their most intensive, safe use would be for orchards, which need to be kept in sod or in cover crops most of the time. Otherwise, they can be Vised for hay or for carefully controlled grazing. A clean-tilled crop should be grown only about once in 5 years. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 77 Good niani)<;(MutMit will prevent further excessive loss of soil. The soils of (his unit are not so readily erodihle as many others that have similar slopes. They are fairly open and porous, and the surface layer is generally fairly well paved with fragments of chert gravel, which mini- mizes the splashing eil'ects of heavy rainfall. Any crops, and particularly orchards, should be planted and culti- vated on the contour. Carefully constructed and main- tained waterways and outlets should be installed wher- ever water tends to concentrate. CAPABILITY UNIT IVe-31 This capability unit consists of rolling to hilly, some- what excessively drained soils that are shallow over shale or sandstone and have been influenced by lime. The soils of tliis unit are very severely limited by the hazard of erosion. They are — Litz channcry loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Litz shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz-Teas chanuery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 15 to 25 i>ercent slopes, mod- erately eroded. The total area is about 1,800 acres, or six-tenths of 1 percent of the county. These soils are shallower than those of capability unit IVe-10, but the shale and sandstone from which they have been developed were rich in lime. Also, the soils tend to be somewhat more naturally fertile than those of capability unit IVe-10. Because these soils are so shallow, any cultivation, how- ever limited, must be accompanied by intensive conserva- tion measures. In most places there is only a little more than a foot of soil over the bedrock. "Wlien the soils are properly managed and protected, however, they are fairly productive. Yields would be greater if supple- mental irrigation were available during dry periods. A common use of these soils is for orchards, and this use is suitable and safe if the orchards are well sodded and otherwise protected. Clean-cultivated crops should be grown no oftener than once in about 5 years. Even then, planting and cultivation should be in contour strips, with all necessary precautions to check runoff and hold the soil. CAPABILITY UNIT IVe-32 In this capability unit are rolling to hilly, somewhat excessively drained to excessively drained soils that are shallow or very shallow over acid shale or mica schist. These soils are very severely limited by the hazard of erosion and by droughtiness and low fertility. The soils of this unit are — Berks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Berks channery loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded. Berks shaly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Berks silt loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Berks silt loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 3 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 20 to 30 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded. Calvin .M(»iilcvallo slialy loams, 10 to 20 percent slopes, niod- eralely eroded. Hazel cliannery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Montevallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. The total area of this unit is about 8,200 acres, or 2.7 percent of the county. These soils are as shallow as those of capability unit IVe-;31. They are more strongly acid and usually less productive. Although they are suitable for limited culti- vation with proper precautions and good management, they are of such limited productivity that use other than for an occasional cultivated crop, hay and grazing, or orchards will probably give poor returns. Forested areas should remain in forest. Grazed areas should be protected carefully from overgrazing and cultivated areas used seldom for clean-tilled crops, but chiefly for hay. CAPABILITY UNIT Vs-1 This unit consists of practically level, well-drained, very rocky soils. The rocks are chiefly outcrops of lime- stone. These soils cannot be cultivated regularly. If they are used for pasture or woodland, they are not subject to deterioration, because their chief limitation is rockiness. These soils have been mapped as one undifferentiated unit — Hagerstown, Corydon, and DufBeld very rocky silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes. These soils are in scattered areas throughout the lime- stone valley. They amount to 424 acres, a little more than one-tenth of 1 percent of the county. These soils are nearly level, fertile, well drained, and not significantly eroded. They are too rocky, however, for cultivated crops or for a normal rotation. Some patches could be used for corn or hay crops, but only by hand cultivation. Therefore, these soils are limited in use almost entirely to grazing or to woodland. The maintenance of a vegetative cover of either pasture plants or trees will protect these soils from erosion. These rocky soils make excellent pasture, although either mow- ing or control of weeds with chemicals is more than normally difficult. In pasture the control of brush also may have to be a hand operation, but this will not be time consuming or difficult if it is repeated at regular intervals. These soils are excellent for woodlots if the trees are protected from fire and from grazing. All of the local trees will do well if given a reasonably good chance. CAPABILITY UNIT Vs-2 In this unit are nearly level or very gently sloping, stony and very stony soils, most of them well drained, that have not been affected by limestone. Regular culti- vation is not practical, but the soils have practically no limitations other than their stoniness. Some spots are only moderately well drained, and a few areas may be occasionally temporarily flooded. The soils of this unit are — Chewacla stony silt loam. Edgemont and Laidig very stony loams, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Highfield very stony loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Pope stony gravelly loam. 78 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Some areas ol" these soils are on nearly level ridgetops, and some are on nari'ov^?, stony flood plains. Most of the areas are on or adjacent to South Mountain. There are 415 acres, or a little more than one-tenth of 1 percent of the county. These soils are not suitable for crops or for normal rolalions because the surface layer is too stony. Stones, boulcUM's, and some rock outcrops make up about 40 percent of the surface area. This is enough to prevent modern mechanized farmwork, although some row crops or hay could be produced by more primitive methods. The chief ditlerence between these soils and those of cai)ability unit Vs-1 is that nearly all of the stones are loose and rounded, and of acid rock material ; in unit Vs-1 they are ledges of limestone. The soils of this cai)ability unit are also somewhat less fertile than those of capa- bility unit Vs-1, and will generally yield less pasture forage or fewer woodland i)roducts. Pastures should be limed and fertilized, as needed, and weeds and brush should be controlled. Woodlands should be protected from burning and from grazing. CAPABILITY UNIT VIo-1 This capability unit consists of rolling and severely eroded, or steep and moderately eroded, well-drained, deep soils that are underlain by limestone. The soils of this unit are — Elliber olierty loam, 25 to 4.j ptn-cent slopes, moderately eroded. Frankstowu and Uiiflield chaunery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Frankstowu and Duffield chaunery silt loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderatel.v eroded. Frederick clierty silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Fredericlv clierty silt loam, 25 to 45 percent sloi)es, moderately eroded. Hagerstown clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Hagerstown and Duffield silt loams, 25 to 45 pei'cent slopes, moderately eroded. Westmoreland cliannery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded. These soils are in all the limestone areas of the county. The total area is about 2,000 acres, or a little less than seven-tenths of 1 percent of the county. These are fertile and productive soils, but they are too steep or have been too severely eroded to be used safely for cultivated crops. They might produce fairly good hay, but the crop would be difficult to cut and to cure. A much safer, and generally better, use is to keep the soils in permanent sod pasture or in woodland. Properly man- aged pastures, particularly if they are not overgrazed, can be among the better pastures of the county. Although the carrying capacity is not so great as on the soils of capability units I-l, IIe-1, IIIe-1, and IVe-1, it should be greater than on any other soils of class VI. The soils can also be safely used for woodland if protected from grazing and from fire. CAPABILITY UNIT YIe-2 This capability unit consists of rolling and severely eroded, or steep and moderately eroded, well-drained, fairly deep soils that have not been appreciably affected by limestone. The soils of this unit are — • Edgemont and Laidig cliannery loams, 35 to 60 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Holston gravelly loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Ilolston gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. iNIurriU gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Myersville cliannery loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville cliannery silt loam, 10 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These soils are in scattered spots in many parts of the county. There are about 1,200 acres, or four-tenths of 1 percent of the county. None of these soils can be cultivated witliout undue loss of soil, even with all the erosion control measures that could be feasibly carried out. Such crops as corn or oats could be grown, but only at the e.xpense of losing the vegetation-supporting upper layers of soil. Some of the less eroded areas are in forest. The areas now being cropped are continuing to deteriorate. Some of the areas are idle and not producing. l*robably a larger acreage is in pasture than in any other use. Pasture and woodland are the only really suitable uses for these soils. Bluegrass does well on most of the soils, and good pastures can be maintained with careful man- agement. The chief precaution after sod is established is to prevent overgrazing. Livestock should be excluded from these pastures during any summer "brown-out" of the sod. The soil should be tested regularly and limed or fertilized as needed. Good pastures will not maintain themselves on these soils; it takes very good management to maintain them. CAPABILITY UNIT VIe-3 In this unit are shallow soils that range from sloping and severely eroded to moderately steep and practically uneroded. The soils of this unit are — Berks shaly silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin channery loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes. Calvin shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Calvin shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes. Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 20 to 30 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes. Hazel channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Hazel channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Litz shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded. Montevallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Montevallo shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick .solum variant, 20 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. These soils are shallower than the others of class VI. They occupy 7,600 acres, or 2.5 percent of the county. Tliere is little difference in necessary management be- tween these soils and those of capability units Vle-1 WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 79 and VIe-2. Because those soils are shallow, however, Ihey (eiul to be more drou<2;h(y. Tims, the (greatest practical (lilhnvnce is in carrviii U A • A 1 ^ -1 1 1 J • JJeep, well-drainea, upland soils developed in U— OD noDZ Highficld grav(^lly loam, 5 to 10 percent A A residuum from metabasalt or greenstone. slopes, moderately eroded. Phy.sical j^roperties given are for the very OA OD— 0^ n 01^/ Highfield gravelly loam, 10 to 20 percent {') stony loam, which has 20 to 40 perc(*nt of the slopes, moderately eroded. surface area occupied by ston(!s or boulders. HoE2 Highfield gravelly loam, 20 to 35 percent 0) 4-6 The gravelly loam is essentially the same, slopes, moderately eroded. except that it is gravelly instead of very HpB Highfield very stony loam, 0 to 5 percent {') 4-6 stony. slopes. HpD Highfield very stony loam, 5 to 30 percent {') 4-6 slopes. HpE Highfield very stony loam, 30 to 45 percent (') 4-6 slopes. U A n rA Holston gra^'(Miy loam, 0 to o percent slopes 4 + ('J Well-drained, deep soils on high terraces, of very A O /l Holston gra\'elly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, A 1 4 + v) old alluvium from shale and sandstone areas. moderatelj' eroded. Physical properties given are for the silt loam. 24-37 n rv^z Holston gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, A t 4 + ( } The gravelly loam is ess(?ntially the same. 07 AO _L moderately eroded. except that the surface layer contains about 20 u .-no n rUz Holston gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent 4 + percent waterworn gravel. The gravelly slopes, moderately eroded. sandy loam is SM throughout and contains n rUi Holston gravelly loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, 4 + (v considerable gravel. Severely eroded soils severely eroded. have lost up to half the original solum. W .-FO n rt-Z Holston gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, A 1 4 + moderately eroded. U e R nsD Holston gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent 4 + r) slopes. HsC2 Holston gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent 4 + (') slopes, moderately eroded. HsC3 Holston gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent 4 + (') slopes, severely eroded. HtA Holston silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 4+ 0) HtB2 Holston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, 4 + (') moderatel}' eroded. xi-oisLuii sub loam, o lo id percent slopes. 4 + en \ ) moderately eroded. Hu Huntington fine sandv loam. 4 (') Well-drained, deep soils of flood plains and up- 0-48-1- Hv Huntington gravelly loam 4 (') land depressions, of recent alluvium from areas Hw Huntington silt loam. 4 (') of limestone-derived soils. Physical properties Hx Huntington silt loam, local alluvium . 4 (') given are for the silt loam. The gravelly loam contains about 20 percent waterworn gravel. The fine sandy loam is SM or ML throughout. La A T -A- 11 1 nil Laidig gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Well-drained soils developed in gravelly to stony LaB2 Tjaidiff f?r.TVpllv loRm ^ to 8 nprfpnt stnnps 84- cnllnvijil dpnrmit^ nf mifirtzitic sandstono moderately eroded. materials. Physical properties given are for 38-90-1- LaC2 Laidig gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes. 8 + (') the gravelly loam. The very stony loam has moderately eroded. up to 40 percent of the surface occupied by LaD2 Laidig gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, 8 + (') stones. moderately eroded. LbD Laidig very stony loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes.. 8 + 0) LbE2 Laidig very stony loam, 15 to 45 percent 8 + (') slopes, moderately eroded. See footnotes at end of table. VVASllINUTON COUNTY, MAKVLAXI) 9.") estimated physical properties — Continued USDA Icxtiinil fhiss Channprj- ^ilt loiuii. Hard pli\ llite Loam to liuht silt loam. Grave^lly silt loam. Hard metabasalt.. Silt loam. Gravelly silty clay loam. Very gravelly sandy clay loam. Silt loam. Gravelly fine sandy loam Fine sandv clav loam Engineering classification Unified GM. ML.. Gi\r. ML CL. GC. AASHO A-2. A-4_ A-2. A-4 A-6 A-2 ML. SM. SC. A-4. A-2. A-2. Percentage passing sieve — No. 4 Percent 50 95 60 No. 10 Percent 40 90 45 95 80 60 100 80 100 85 75 45 No. 200 Percent 30 65 30 65 60 25 Selected characteristics significant in engineering Range in permeability Indies per hour 0. 6-6. 3 0. 2-2. 0 0. 2-0. 6 0. 6-2. 0 0. 2-0. 6 0. 2-0. 6 100 70 95 80 30 35 Reaction pii 5. 1-6. 5 4. 5-5. 5 5. 1-5. 5 4. 5-5. 5 4. 5-5. 0 4. 0-4. 5 0. 2-2. 0 0. 2 6. 3 0. 2-0. (i Dispersion High to moderate. Low to high. High High to moderate. Low High 6. 6-7. 3 4. 5-5. 5 4. 5-5. 0 High to mod- erate. High to mod- erate. Moderate Shrink-swell potential Low. Low to moderate. Low. Low. Moderate. Low. Low. Low. Low. 599553—62 7 96 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 6. — Brief description of soils and their svinbol Roil Landisburp; cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Landisbvirfi cherty silt loam, 8 to 25 i)erc if\ Kv 1 •> 1-z {') 1 (^) 1-2 C-) 1-2 {') 1-2 {') 1 ■ (') 1-2 {') 1 {') 1-2 {') 1 (') 1-2 (') 1-2 {') 1-2 {') 1 {') 1-2 {') 1 {') 1-2 0-1 (') 3 2 (') 3 2 (•) 3 2 (') 3 2 (■) 3 2 (') 3 2 0) Brief descri|)lion of site and soil Moderately well drained soils developed in colluvial deposits of cherty limestone material. Moderately wet. Moderately well drained soils of flood plains, of recent alluvium from acid red shale and sand- stone material. Moderately wet. Moderately well drained soils developed in gravelly colluvial deposits of acid shale material. Moderately wet. Moderately well drained to somewhat poorly drained soils of flood plains and upland depressions, of recent alluvium from limestone- derived soils. Moderately wet; occasionally flooded. Somewhat excessively drained to excessively drained, sluillow upland soils developed in residuum from limy shale, or sometimc^s limestone. Physical properties given are for Litz shaly loam. The channery loams contain large, flat fragments of coarse skeletal material. Severely eroded soils have lost at least half of the original soil material above bedrock. These areas are mixtures of Litz channery silt loam and Teas channery silt loam that could not be separated on the maps at the scale used. Physical properties given are for Teas channery silt loam. The Teas soils are some- what excessively drained to excessively drained upland soils developed in residuum from lim.v shale and sandstone. Severely eroded soils have lost at least half of the orig- inal soil material above bedrock. Poorly drained soils of flood plains, of recent alluvium from limestone-derived soils. Very wet; occasionally flooded. Moderately well drained soils of high terraces, of very old alluvium from acid shale and sand- stone materials. Physical properties given are for the gravelly loam. The silt loam contains very little gravel above a depth of about 50 inches. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND !i7 estimated physical properties — Continued USDA tcxiuinl class Cherty silt loam Cheity clay loam to clay Silt loam Fine sandy loam Gravelly silt loam Channery silty clay loam. Silt loam Gravelly loam Shaly loam Very shaly silt loam Shale and some limestone l']n"iii('('rin": classificat ion Unified Channerv silt loam. Fragmented shale and sandstone. Hard shale and sandstone. Silt loam Silty clay loam Gravelly loam Gravelly silty clay loam Very gravelly loam ML CL or CH. ML SM AASHO ML_ CL. ML, GM. ML_ GM. ML GM to GP_ ML. CL. ML. CL. GM A-4 A-6 or A-7. A-4 A-2 A-4. A-6. A-4. A-2. A-4. A-2_ A-4 A-2 or A-1. A-4 A-6 A-4 A-6 A-2 P(TC(;iitage passing sieve — No. 4 Percent 80 75 100 100 85 80 55 85 60 80 25 100 100 80 80 55 No. 10 Percent 70 70 95 95 75 75 95 40 80 45 75 15 100 100 70 75 40 No. 200 Percent 55 05 60 25 60 65 80 25 55 30 50 10 80 85 55 60 25 Sclcclid ( iKir.ii lcrislics f-i((nificaiil in cngifieeriiig Range in permeability Inches per hour 0. 06-0. 6 0. 02-0. 2 0. 2-2. 0 0. 2-0. 6 0. 2-2. 0 0. 02-0. 2 0. 06-0. 6 0. 06-0. 6 0. 6-2. 0 0. 6-2. 0 Reaction pll 4. 5-5. 5 4. 5-5. 0 Dispersion 5. 6- 6. 5 5. 6- 6. 0 4. 5- -5. 5 4. 5- -5. 5 6. 1-7. 9 7. 9-8. 4 4. 5-5. 5 5. 1-5. 5 0. 6-2. 0 5. 6-6. 5 0. 2-0. 6 0. 06-0. 2 0. 2-0. 6 0. 02-0. 06 0. 2-0. 6 7. 4-8. 4 7. 4-8. 4 5. 6-6. 0 4. 5-5. 0 4. 0-4. 5 Low to moderate. Low High. High. Moderate.. - Low to moderate. High. High. High to moderate. Moderate High to moderate. Shriiik-swcil potent iai High to moderate. Low Low to high Low Moderate Low. High to moderate Low. Low. Low. Moderate. Low. Low. Low. Low. Low. Low. Moderate. liOw. Moderate. Low. 98 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 6. — Brief description of soils and their Soil name Depth to season- ally high water table Depth to bedrock Brief description of site and soil MxA MxB2 MxC2 MyE2 MyF2 Pg Ph Montevalk) shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, inoderately eroded. Montevallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Montevallo shalj' loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Montevallo shaly loam, 20 to 30 jjercent slopes, mod(>rately (M-oded. Montevallo shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded. Murrill frraxclly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Miurill gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 15 [M'rcent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly loam, 15 to 25 jiercent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Murrill grav(>lly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, mod(>rately eroded. Muriill gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. Murrill gravelly sandy loam. 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slo|)es, severely erod(>d. Murrill silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Murrill silt loam, t) to 8 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded. Murrill silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded. Myersville channery loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Myersville channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville channery loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, severely eroded. Myersville channery silt loam, 10 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded. Myersville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Myersville silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville very stony loam, 3 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville very stony loam, 30 to 55 percent slopes, eroded. Philo gravelly sandj- loam Philo silt loam Feet (') {') {') {') {') 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') {') (') {') {') 1 1 Feet 1-2 1-2 1 1-2 1 (*) i') (') (*) (*) (*) {*} (*) 0) (*) (*)■ (*) (*) 0) 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 3-6 3-6 5-7 5-7 5-7 3-7 3-7 (') 0) Very shallow, excessively drained upland soils, developed in residuum from acid shale. Se- verely eroded soils have lost at least half of the original soil material above bedrock. Deep, well-drained soils on coUuvial deposits of sandstone material over limestone residuum or limestone. Physical projx'rties given are for the silt loam. The gravelly loam is es- •senlially the same, but contains about 15 to 25 percent gravel in the solum. The gravelh' sandy loam will be a gravelly SM through- out. Severely eroded soils have lost mo.st of the original surface layer, and there are occa- sional gullies. Rarely, there are outcrops of limestone. Well-drained, deep, upland soils developed in residuum from greenstone or metabasalt. Physical properties given are for the silt loam. The channery loam and the channery silt loam are essentially the same as the silt loam, except that they contain about 20 percent flat stone fragments in the surface layer. The very stony loam contains 20 to 40 percent stones in the surface layer. Severely eroded soils have lost most of the original ML surface layer, and have occasional to frequent gullies, some verj- deep. Somewhat poorly drained soils of flood plains, of recent alluvium from acid sandstone and shale materials. Wet to moderately wet; occasionally flooded. Physical properties given are for the silt loam. The gravelly sandy loam will be SM throughout. See footnotes at end of table. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 99 estimated physical properties — Continued USDA textural class Engiiici'iiiig classification Unified AASIIO Percentage passing sieve — No. 4 No. 10 No. 200 Selected characteristics signific^aiit in engineering Range in permeability Reaction Dispersion Shrink-swell potential Shaly loam. Hard shale. GM. A-2. Percent 55 Percent 45 Percent 30 Inches per hour 0. 6-6. 3 pil 5. 1-5. 5 Low to moderate. Low. Silt loam Silty clay loam. ML. CL. A-4. A-6. 95 98 90 95 65 85 0. 6-2. 0 0. 06-0. 6 Silt loam Silty clay loam Clay loam ML CL. CL. A-4 A-6 A-6 or A-7. 95 98 100 90 95 100 75 85 80 0. 6-2. 0 0. 2-0. 6 0. 2-0. 6 Silt loam Silty clay loam. ML ML or CL.. A-4 A-4 or A- 100 100 100 100 75 80 0. 2-0. 6 0. 06-0. 2 6. 1-6. 5 5. 1-6 5 Moderate Low to high. . Low. Moderate. 5. 1-6. 0 4. 5-5. 5 5. 1-5. 5 Moderate Low to high _ High Low. Moderate. Moderate. 5. 1-6. 0 5. 1-5. 5 High. High. Low. Moderate. 100 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 19 59, NO. 17 Table 6. — Brief description of soils and their Soil iiaiiu' Depth to season ally high water table Dept h to bedrock Brief (lest'ri])t ion of site and soil Pope fine sandy loam Pope gravelly loam. Pope gravelly sandy loam. Pope silt loam Pope stony gravelly loam Rolirersville silty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately erod(>d. gravelly silt loam, thick solum 0 to 20 ])ercent slo[)es, moderately gravelly silt hiam, thick solum 10 to 20 i)ei('('nt slopes, severely gravelly silt loam, thick solum 20 to ;U) jiercent slojjes. gravelly silt loam, thick solum 20 to 45 jx'rcent slojx-s, moderately Talladega variant, ei-od(>d. Talladega \ ariant , eroded. Talladega variant, Talladega variant , eroded. Thurmont gravelly loam, W to 8 ])crcent slopes, moderately eroded. Thurmont gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Trego gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Trego gravelly silt loam, :? to 15 i)ercent slopes, moderately eroded. T\ ler silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. \\'arneis loam, 0 to 8 jjercent slopes. Waynesboro gra\elly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Waynesboro gravell.v loam. 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. Waynesboro gravelly loani, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. AVaynesboro gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 per- cent slopes. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 | I percent slopes, moderately eroded. See footnotes at end of table. Feet 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 0-1 (-) {') (-) Feet (') (') (') 0) (') (■) 4 + 2-3 4 + 4 + 5 + (') 3 2 (') 2 (') 0-1 (') 1-2 (') 4 + (') 4 + (') 4 + (') 3 + 0) 4 + (') 4 + (') 4 + (') 4 + (') 4 + (') 3 + 0) 4 + (') Deep, well-drained soils of flood plains, of recent alluvium from acid shale and sandstone materials. Infrequently flooded. Physical properties given are for the fine sandy loam. The gravelly loam and the silt loam are essen- tially the same as the fine sandy loam, except that they contain gravel. The gravelly sandy loam will be SM throughout. Stones or boulders cover about 20 percent of the stony gravelly loam. Poorly drained soils developed in deposits of coUuvial fines of metabasaltic materials. Wet for considerable periods of time but seldom, if ever, flooded. Well-drained upland soils developed in residuum from mica schist with a surface layer of coUuvial sandstone debris. Severely eroded soils have lost the original ML surface layer and i)art of the MH subsoil. Well-drained soils developed in gravelly coUuvial deposits of metabasaltic materials, with some sandstone and quartzite. Moderately well drained soils developed in col- luvial deposits of quartzite, metabasalt, and sandstone materials. Moderately wet. Poorly drained .soils on terraces of very old al- luvium from acid sandstone and shale mate- rials. Very wet. Soils on flood plains, of variable drainage, of marl deposits and recent alluvium from lime- stone areas. Deep, well-drained soils of high terraces, well oxidized, of verj' old alluvium from sandstone and other sedimentary rocks. Physical prop- erties given are for the gravelly loam Grav- elly sandy loam has essentially the same prop- erties, except that it is SM throughout to GC substratum. Severely eroded soils have lost the original surface la\'er and part of the sub- soil; occasional to frequent gullies, some into the substratum. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MAUYLAM) estimated physical properties — Continued Mil USDA tcxlural class Fine saiuly loam to lislit silt loam. Gravelly loam Siltv clav loam. Gravelly silt loam. Gravelly or ehannery silt.v clay loam. Gravelly loam Gravelly silt loam Gravelh' loam Gravelly silt loam Gravelly sandy clay loam Gravelly sandy clay Silt loam Silty clay loam Clay-./_ Loam Sandy clav loam Silty 'clay ; Gravelly loam Gravelly silt loam Gravelly clay loam Very gravelly sandy clay iMigineeritig classification Unified ML_ GM. CL or ML. ML_ MH. ML or SM ML GM ML SO SC or CL_. ML CL CH SM SC CH SM or ML. ML CL GC AASHO A-4. A-2. A-6. A-4 A-5 or A-7. A-4. A-4. A-2_ I'ercentage passing sieve — • No. 4 A-4 A-4 A-6 A-4. A-6. A-7. A-2. A-6. A-7_ A-4. A-4. A-6_ A-2. Percent 100 50 100 85 95 80 85 55 85 80 80 100 100 100 98 100 100 85 85 85 60 No. 10 Percent 100 40 98 80 90 70 75 45 80 70 65 100 100 100 95 95 98 80 80 80 55 No. 200 Percent 50 25 70 55 75 45 60 30 55 45 50 80 85 90 30 45 80 50 55 60 30 Scli'ctcd cliaracteristicH significant in engineering Range in permeability Inches per hour 0. 2-2. 0 2. 0-fi. 3 0. 02-0. 6 0. 6-2. 0 0. 2-0. 6 0. 6-2. 0 0. 2-0. 6 0. 6-2. 0 0. 6-2. 0 0. 06-0. 6 0. 02-0. 06 0. 2-0. 6 0. 02-0. 2 0. 0-0. 02 0. 2-0. 6 0. 06-0. 2 0. 06-0. 2 0. 6-2. 0 0. 2-0. 6 0. 2-0. 6 0. 2-2. 0 Keaclion pll 5. 1-6. 0 5. 1-6. 0 4. 5-5. 0 4. 5-5. 5 5. 6-6. 5 5. 1-6. 0 4. 5-5. 0 5. 6-6. 5 4. 5-5. 0 4. 0-5. 0 4. 0-5. 0 4. 0-5. 0 4. 0-4. 5 7. 9-8. 4 7. 9-9. 0 7. 9-9. 0 4. 5-5. 0 4. 0-4. 5 4. 0-4. 3 4. 0-4. 5 Dispersion Sh rink-swell potential High. High. Low. Very low. High to moderate. High to moderate. High to moderate. Moderate. Low. Moderate. Moderate Low High to moderate. High Moderate Low to moderate. High Low. Low. Low. Low. Low. Low Low. Moderate Moderate. High High. Low to moderate. High. Moderate. Moderate. High I High. Moderate. Moderate. Low Low Low. Low. Moderate. Moderate. 102 SOIL SUKVICY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 6. — Brief description oj .soils and (heir Map symbol Soil niune Depth to season- ally high Depth water table to bedrock Brief rlcscript ion of site and .soil Depth from surface (typical profile) Wh WmB2 WmC2 WmC3 WmD2 WmD3 Wchadkce silt loam. West morcland chaiuicrv silt loam, !{ to 10 percent slojJes, moderately eroded. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slo|)es, moderately eroded. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 'A to 20 percent slojjes, severely eroded. Westmoreland channery silt k)am, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded. Feet 0-1 Feet (') Poorly drained soils of flood plains, of recent allu\ium from areas of crystalline rocks. Very wet; frequentlj' flooded. Well-drained upland soils developed in residuum from acid and lim\' shales, with some sand- stone and limestone. Severely eroded soils have lost most or all of the original ML hori- zon, and have occasional to frequent shallow gullies. Feet 0-12 12-36-t- 0-14 14-32 .32-42 + 1 Tliesc soils consist of unconsolidated, stratified material that is old or new alluvium or coUuvium; depth to bedrock is variable but undetermined. 2 In n)ost residual soils, depth to water table cannot be estimated, but, normally, the water table is in the bedrock. 3 These*soils have a slowly permeable fragipan in the subsoil. At times. 'a i)erched water table is directly above the fragii)an and is se|)arated from a lower, more permanent water table by a layer of drv or nearlv drv soil. Tahij: 7. — Sf>il characteristics Map symbol Soil Suitability for winter grading Susceptibility to frost action Suitability for septic tank sites 1 Suitability as material for- Road subgrade Road fill AsB... At.... BaA, BaB2, BaC2, BaC3. BcB2, BcC2, BcC3, BcD2. BeB, BeB2, BeC2, BeD2. BkB2. BIr silt loam Fauquier silt loam, shallow - Fauquier very stony loam__ Frankstown extremely rocky silt loam. Frankstown V(>r\- rocky silt loam. Frankstown and Duflield chan- iierv silt loams. Frederick cherty silt loam_ Hagerstown clay loam Hagerstovvn extremely rock}' silt loam. Hagerstown extremely rocky silty clay loam. Hagerstown extremely rocky soils. Hagerstown silt loam Hagerstown silty clay loam Hagerstown very rocky silt loam_. Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam Hagerstown very rocky soils Hagerstown, Corydon, and Duf- field very rocky silt loams. Hagerstown and Duffield silt loams. Hazel channerv silt loam Highfield gravelly loam Highfield very stony loam. Holston gravellv loam Suitability for wint(>r grading Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Susceptibility to frost action Strong Strong Moderate. _. Moderate... Moderate... ^Moderate... Moderate... Moderate... Moderate... Moderate... Moderate... Moderate... Moderate. -. Moderate... Moderate... Moderate... Moderate... Moderate. .- Moderate... Moderate.. - Moderate.. - Moderate... Moderate... Slight to moderate. Moderate. Moderate Moderate... Suitability for septic tank sites ' Not suitable - Not suitable. (Jood Good Good Good Poor ]''air Poor to fair-. Fair to good. Good Good Good Fair Fair Not suitable. Good Good Fair Fair Not suitable. Fair Not suitable. Not suitable. Good Good Good Suitability as material for- Uoad subgrade Fair Poor Fair to good . _ Fair to good . _ Fair Fair Fair Fair Poor to fair Fair Good Fair Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair to good. . Good Fair Good Road fill Fair Poor Good Good Good Good Good Fair Poor to fair. Fair Good Fair to good Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor to fair. Poor to fair. Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Good Good Fair Good WASHINGTON COUNTY, MAHYLAM) | ()7 that affect engineering — Continued Siii(;il)ilitv :is sourt'(! of— Factors that alFct-t ciigiiicci-intf jjiactices for - Topsoil Sand and gravel Vertical alincmont of highways Farm ponds Agricultural drainage Irrigation ^ Terraces and diversions Waterways Material Drainage Reservoir areas Embank- ments Poor Not suit- Shallow to Variable Variable Variable Erodible Erodible. able. bedrock. Poor Not suit- Shallow to None . . Variable Variable Erodible Erodible. able. bedrock. Good Gravelly None. Gravelly Not needed. Xo limita- Erodible Erodible. sub- sub- tion. strata. strata. Good Gravelly None_ _. Gravelly Not needed. No limita- Erodible Erodible. sub- sub- tion. strata. strata. Good Not suit- None Not needed. No limita- Erodible Erodible. able. tion. Good "\^nt. t;i 1 i f,- None Not nppHpH No limita- ErorliHlp Erorlihlc able. tion. Good Not suit- None Shallow Not needed- Shallow Shallow Shallow; able. erodible. Good Not. f^m't,- Stones None Stones. Stones. A 1 v." U 11 C C V.i vT VJ. _ Stones St.onPQ able. Good Not suit- Rocki- None Rocki- Rocki- Not needed Rocki- Rocki- Rockiness. able. ness. ness. ness. ness. ness. Good Not suit- Rocki- None Rocki- Rocki- Not needed. Rocki- Rocki- Rockiness. able. ness. ness. ness. ness. ness. Very Not suit- None Not needed. No limita- Erodible Erodible. good. able. tion. Good Not suit- Shallow to None. ._ - Not needed. No limita- Erodible Erodible. able. bedrock. tion. Good Not suit- Occasional None ... Occasional Fine clay Not needed. No limita- Erodible Erodible. able. ledges. ledges. tion. Good Not suit- Rockiness_ _ None Rockiness. . Rockiness. . Not needed. Rockiness. _ Rockiness. . Rockiness. able. Good Not suit- Rockiness. . None ... Rockiness. _ Rockiness. . Not needed. Rockiness. . Rockiness. . Rockiness. able. Good Not suit- Rockiness-. None Rockiness. . Rockiness. - Not needed. Rockiness. . Rockiness. able. Very Not suit- Occasional None.. . . Occasional Fine clay Not needed. No limita- Erodible Erodible. good. able. ledges. ledges. tion. Very Not suit- Occasional None Occasional Fine clay Not needed. No limita- Erodible Erodible. good. able. ledges. ledges. tion. Good Not suit- Rockiness. _ None . Rockiness. . Rockiness. . Not needed. Rockiness. . Rockiness. . Rockiness. able. Good Not suit- Rockiness. _ None Rockiness. . Rockiness - . Not needed. Rockiness. . Rockiness. . Rockiness. able. Good Not suit- Rockiness. . None . Rockiness. . Rockiness. . Not needed Rockiness. . Rockiness. able. Good Not suit- Rockiness. . None.. - Rockiness. . Rockiness. - Not needed. Rockiness. . Rockiness. _ Rockiness. able. Good Not suit- Occasional None - Occasional Fine clay Not needed Erodible Erodible. able. ledges. ledges. Poor to Not suit- Shallow to None Very shal- Channery, Not needed- Very shal- Very shal- Erodible. fair. able. bedrock. low. mica- low. low. ceous. Good Not suit- Shallow to None. .. Not needed- No limita- Erodible Erodible. able. bedrock. tion. Good Not suit- Shallow to None Stones Stones Not needed. Stones.. 1 Stones Stones. able. bedrock. Fair Gravelly None. - Gravelly Not needed. No limita- Erodible Erodible. sub- sub- tion. strata. strata. 108 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 7.- — Soil characteristics Map symbol HsB, HsC2, HsC3. HtA, HtB2, HtC2. Hu. Hv_ Hw. Hx_ LaA, LaB2, LaC2, LaD2. LbD, LbE2... LcB2, LcD2. Le LgA, LgB2_. Lm Ln LoB2, LoC2, LoC3, LsB, LsB2, LsC2. LsC3, LsD2, LsDB, LsE2, LsE3, LsF. LtB, LtC2, LtC3, LtD2, LtD3, LtE2 Me MsB2, MaC2_ MhA, MhB2, MhC2, MhD2. MmB2, MmC2, MmC3, MmD2 MmD3. MoA, MoB2, MoC2, MoD2, MoD3, MoE2. MrB, MrC2, MrC3, MrD2, MrD3. MsA, MsB2, MsC2. See footnotos iit end of tahl Soil Holstoii gravelly sandy loam Holston silt loam Ilimtiiislon fiiu; sandy loam IluiUinfilon siravelly loam Iluntinstoii silt loam Iluiitington silt loam, local alluvium. Laidig gravelly loam Laidig very stony loam Landisburg chcrty silt loam. Largcnt silt loam Lead\alt> gravelly silt loam. Lindsidc silt k)am Lindside silt loam, loeal allu- vium. Litz channerv loam Suit-ability for winter grading Litz shah- loam. Litz-Teas ehannerv silt loams. Alt'lvin silt loam_ Monoiigahehi gravelly loam Monongaliela silt loam Monlevallo shaly loam Murrill gravelly loam Murrill graxflly sandy loam Murrill silt loam Not suitable - Not suitable. Not su Not su Not su Not su Not su Not su Not su Not su Not su Not su Not su Not su table. table. table. table. table. table table- table. table. table, table. table Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable. Susceptibility to frost action Slight Moderate. Moderate. Moderate. Moderate. _. Moderate... Moderate. -- Moderate. -- Strong Strong Strong Strong Strong Slight to moderate. Slight to moderate. Slight to moderate. Very strong.-. Suitability for septic tank sites ' Strong. Strong. Poor. Poor. Poor. Good. Good. Moderate Good. Shght to moderate. Moderate Slight to moderate. Good. Good. Not suitable. . Not suitable . Not suitable. Fair Good Good Poor Not suhable.. Poor Not suitable- _ Poor Poor Poor. Poor. Not suitable - . Suitability as material for- Road subgrade Good Good Good Good Fair Fair Good Fair Poor Poor' Poor Poor ' Poor Good Good Good Very poor Poor to fair.. Poor to fair.. Fair to good. Good Good Road fill Good Good Fair to good. Fair to good. Fair to good. Fair to good. Good Fair Poor Poor ' Poor to fair.. Poor ' Poor Good Good Good Very poor Fair to good. Fair to good. Good Good Good Fair i Good. WASIIINCTOX COrNTV, .\IAi; Vl.AMJ that affect engineering — Continued 109 Suitabilitv a.s source of— Tojisoil Sand and gravel I'"a('t()rs llial .■illVcl ciiniiH'cr inn practices (or Vertical alineinent of highways Material Drainage Farm ponds Reservoir areas Embank- ments Agricultural drainage Irrigation ^ Terraces and diversions Waterways Not needed. No limita- tion. Erodible Erodible. Not needed- No limita- tion. Erodible Erodible. Not needed. Not needed _ Not needed- Not needed- Not needed- Not needed. No limita- tion. No limita- tion. No limita- tion. No limita- tion. No limita- tion. Stones - _ . Erodible Erodible Erodible Erodible Erodible Stones Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Stones. Fragipan High water table. Fragipan High water table. High water table. Not needed. Fragipan Impeded drainage. Fragipan Impeded drainage. Impeded drainage. Shallow Slow perme- ability. Slow perme- ability. Slow perme- ability. Slow perme- ability. Slow perme- ability. Shallow Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Erofiible. Erodible. Shallow ; droughty. Not needed. Shallow Shallow Shallow ; droughtj'. Not needed. Shallow Shallow Shallow; droughty. High water, table. Poor drain- age. Slow perme- ability. Erodible. Fragipan Fragipan Not needed. Fragipan Fragipan Shallow Very slow perme- ability. Very slow pel iiie- ability. Shallow Erodible. Erodible. Shallow; droughty. Not needed. No Hmita- tion. Erodible Erodible. Not needed. No limita- tion. Erodible Erodii)le. Not needed. No limita- tion. Erodible Erodible. Poor. Fair- Good Good Excellent. Excellent. Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair to good. Good... Fair. Fair. Fair.. Good. Fair.. Fair-. Poor. Good. Fair.. Gravelly sub- strata. Gravelly sub- strata. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Gravelly sub- strata. Gravelly sub- strata. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Stones Fragipan. . Poor sta- bility. Fragipan. . Shallow to bedrock. Shallow to bedrock. Shallow to bedrock. Very poor stability. Fragipan _ Fragipan _ . Shallow to bedrock. Good Not suit- 1 able. None. None. Flooding. . Flooding Flooding None None None High water table. High water table High water table. High water table. High water. table. None None. None- Flooding; high water table. High water table. High water, table. None. None. None. None . Gravelly sub- strata. Gravelly sub- strata. Flood plain Flood i)lain. Flood plain Stones Fragipan Flood plain. Fragipan Flood plain. Channery sub- strata. Shaly sub- strata. Channery sub- strata. Flood plain Fragipan Fragipan Shaly sub- strata. Sandy. Sandv High in silt. High in silt. Gravelly. Stones Fragipan . Poor sta- bility. Fragipan. Poor sta- ability. Poor sta- bility. Channery Shalv Cluinnery . _ Very poor. . sta- bility. Fragipan Fragipan Shalv Sand^ 110 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 7. — Soil characterifitics Suitability as material for — Road subgrade Poad fill Fair Fair to good.. Fair Fair to good.. Fair . . . Fair to good.. Fair Fair to good.. Poor . . _ Fair Poor . . Poor Fair _ _ Fair to good.. Fair Fair to good__ Fair Fair to good.. Poor to fair Fair. ... Fair... Fair Poor Poor. - . . Poor Poor. - Fair- . Fair Poor. Poor Poor to fair Fair Variable Variable Fair to good_ _ Good Poor to fair Poor to fair Ver}- poor Very poor Poor Poor to fair Map symbol MvA, MvB2, MvC2, MvD2, MvE2. MwB3, MwD3.. MxA, MxB2, MxC2. MyE2, MyF2..- Pg- Ph- Pn. Po. Pp- Ps. Pt. Rk.... RoB2. Sr.... Ss-... TaC2, TaC3, TaD, TaE2. Te ThB2, ThC2. TrA, TrC2. TyB Wa Soil Myersville channery loam. Myersvillc channery silt loam. Myersville silt loam Myersvillc very stony loam Pliilo gra\ ('lly sandy loam Philo silt loam Pope fine sandy loam Po])e gravelly loam Pope gravelly sandy loam. Pope silt loam Pope stony gravelly loam. Rocky eroded land Rohrersville silty clay loam . Stony rolling land Stony steep land Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant. Terrace escarpments Thurmont gravelly loam Suitability for winter grading Trego gravelly silt loam. Tyler silt loam Warners loam Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable . Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable- Not suitable. Not suitable. . Not suitable. . Not suitable _ . Not suitable. . Not suitable. . Not suitable. . Not suitable. _ Not suitable. . Not suitable. Not suitable. Not suitable - Not suitable. Not suitable. Susceptibility to frost action Moderate Moderate... Moderate Moderate Strong Strong Moderate to s* rong. Moderate to strong. Moderate to strong. Moderate to strong. Moderate to strong. Moderate Very strong. Slight to moderate. Slight to moderate. Moderate Variable Moderate... Strong Very strong. Suitability for septic tank sites ' Good Good Good Good Not suitable . . Not suitable . _ Not suitable Not suitable. _ Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Good Not suitable Good Poor Not suitable Not suitable Moderate to i Not suitable strong. See footnotes at end of table. \VASIIIN(iT().\ COUNTY, MAHVLAXD 111 that affect engmeering — ( imicc Suitabilitv as source of— r'actors tliiil iiirci't ciiniiiciTiiig practices for — Topsoil Saiul and gravel Vertical aliiieinent of highways Malerial Drainage I''ariii p()ii(l> Reservoir areas Embank- ments Agricultin'al drainage Trrigat ion - Terraces and diversions \Vat<;r\vavs Cood_._ Good Good... Good Poor . „ . Poor Good... Good... Fair Good Fair Fair Good... Poor Poor Fair Variable Good... Fair Poor to fair. \'ery good. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Local gravel sub- strata. Local gravel sub- strata. Local gravel sub- strata. Local gravel sub- strata. Local gravel sub- strata. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Variable. Local gravel sub- strata. Local gravel sub- strata. Not suit- able. Not suit- able. Shallow to bedrock. Shallow to bedrock. Shallow to bedrock. Shallow to bedrock. Poor sta- bility. Stones - Rockiness_ Poor sta- bility. Stones, boulders. Stones, boulders. Shallow to becirock. Variable Fragipan . . . Very poor stability. Poor sta- bility. None. None. None. None . High water table. High water table. Flooding Flooding. Flooding. Flooding. Flooding None. High water table. None None. None. Variable. None High water table. High water table. High water table. Stones Flood plain. Flood plain. Flood plain. Flood plain. Flood plain. Flood plain - Stones; flood plain. Rockiness. . Stones, boulders. Stones, boulders. Channery sub- strata. Variable... Gravelly sub- strata. Fragipan. - Flood plain. Stones. Sandy. Poor sta- bility. Sandy Sandj'. High in silt. Stones - Rockiness. . Poor sta- bility. Stones, boulders. Stones, boulders. Micaceous.. Variable Fragipan Very poor stabihty. Poor sta- bility. Not needed. Not needed. Not needed. Not needed. High water table. High water table. Not needed. Not needed. Not needed. Not needed. Not needed. Not needed. Slow per- meability. Not needed. Not needed. Not needed. Variable Not needed. Fragipan.. Very slow perme- ability. Slow perme- ability. No limita- 1 ion. Severely eroded. No limita- tion. Stones Impeded drainage. Impeded drain.-inc No limita- tion. No limita- tion. No limita- tion. No limita- tion. Stones. Poor drainage. No limita- tion. Variable.. No limita- tion. Fragipan. Poor drain- age. Impeded drainage. Erodible. I'^rodibk!. Erodible. Stones. . Slow per- meability. Slow pcr- jiical)ility. i'>(j(iil)le Erodible Erodible.. Erodible. Stones. Rockiness. . Erodible Stones, boulders. Stones, boulders. Erodible Erodible Erodible.... Erodible. Very slow perme- ability. Erodible... Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Stones. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Stones. Rockiness. Erodible. Stones, boulders. Stones, boulders. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. Erodible. 112 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 7. — Soil characteristics Map symbol Soil Suitabilitj^ for winter grading Susceptibility to frost action Suitability for septic tank sites ' Suitability as material for- Koad subgrade Road fill WbA, WbB2, WbC2. WbC3. WbD2, WbD3. WbE2. WgB, WsC2, WgC3, WgD2. Wh WmB2, WmC2, WmC3, WmD2, WmD3. Waynesboro gravelly loam. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam. Wehadkee silt loam Westmor( loatn. land channerj' silt Not suitable. Not suitable _ Not suitable. Not suitable. Moderate. Good Good. Slight. Good. Good. W'rv strong ' Not suitable i Poor. -Moderate. Good. Good. Good (iood Poor. Good ' liatings of fair to good suitability for septic tank sites aj)ply only to soils having sloijes no greater than 8 percent. Because of lateral movement of liquid and possible seepage, the soils that have slopes betweeu 8 and 15 percent are less suitable for septic tank sewage disposal, and all soils that have slopes greater than 15 percent are almost entirely unsuitable. Groupings of soils for sewage disposal are discussed in another section of this report. The crops in each truck-crop group are: Truck sroup 1 (very shallow rooted): Lettuce Onions Spinach Strawberries Truck group 2 (shallow roctod) : Beets Broccoli ( 'abliage ( 'aulitlower Celery Cucumbers Peas Snap beans Truck group 3 (moderately deep rooted) : Asparagus Eggplant Lima beans Melons Peppers Pumpkins Squash ]Most of the other crops listed need no explanation. '"Grass mixture" may be any of several mixtures of grasses, witli or witliout clovers or alfalfa, commonly used for pasture or for liay. Orchards include apples, peaches, cherries, plums, and prunes. Where orchards are indicated with cover, it means that a close-growing crop covers the surface of the soil between orchard trees at the time of irrigation; where orchards are indicated without cover, it means tliat tlie soil between the orchard trees is bare, or nearly so, when irrigation water is ap])lied. Irrigation, to be successful, nnist meet tlie needs of the crops and must suit tlie soils to be irrigated. Different crops will need different amounts of water and at dif- ferent intervals. Some soils hold much water; some hold little. Water penetrates some soils readily, others much more slowly. Consequently, different kinds of .soils should not be irrigated alike. It is for these reasons that table 8 has been arranged to place the better agricultural soils of Washington County in definite irrigation soil groups. Tlie soils within each group can be irrigated alike, and the differences within each group depend mostly on the type of crop to be irrigated. Irrigation soil grotip 1 consists of the sandy soils of the county. Because these soils liave a relatively high infiltration capacity, water application rates can be fairly high, but they retain less moistui'e than most of the other soils of the county. On these sandy soils, irriga- tion systems should be designed for relatively small amounts of water applied frequenth'. The soils of irrigation soil group 2 are only moderately well drained. They must be improved by artificial drain- age before they are suitable for irrigation. The same is true for some soils in irrigation soil grouj^s 1 and 3. The soils of group 2 have a very slowly permeable, tough or dense harclpan, or a clay subsoil, that limits the depth of effective root development and, thus, liinits the effective depth for irrigation. Therefore, available moisture capa- cities within root zones are lower for soils of group 2 than for better soils. Irrigation soil group 3 consists of deep, medium- textured soils underlain by sand, silt, and gravel. AVater must be applied somewhat slowly here, but the soil can retain larger amounts of water than can the soils of groups 1 and 2. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND I. '-5 that affect engineering — Continued Suil ability a.s source of— Factors that alTccl engineering practices for Topsoil Sand and gravel Vertical alinenient of highways Material Drainage I'^ai in ponds Reservoir areas iMnhank- nients Agricultural drainage Irrigation ' Terraces and diversions VVaterwavs Fair. Fair. Poor to fair. Good. Gravelly sub- strata. Gravelly sub- strata. Local gravel sub- strata. Not suit- able. Poor sta- bility. Shallow to bedrock. None None Flooding high water taole. None Gravelly substrata. Grav-elly substrata. Flood plain _ Shaly to channery sub- strata. Sandy. Poor sta- hilitv. Shaly or channerv. Not needed- Not needed. High water table. No limita- tion. No limita- tion. Poor drain- age. Erodible... Erodible. Slow perme- aoility. Not needed- No limita- Erodible. tion. Erodible. Erodiblf!. Erodible. Erodible. 2 Certain characteristics, most notably slope and degree of ero- ^ gandy or gravelly layers are suitable for subgrade or fill if sion, affect irrigation, in addition to those indicated in this table. artificially drained or if the water table is low. For all practical purposes, only soils of capability classes I, II, and III are considered suitable for irrigation. Irrigation soil group 4 consists of fairly shallow soils over bedrock of somewhat fragmented shale or schist that is generally within about 2 feet of the surface. These soils are highly erodible. Therefore, although the soil over bedrock will retain fairly large amounts of water per unit of depth, the available space for water is limited and application rates must be slow enough to prevent further erosion. In irrigation soil group 5, which includes a greater nimiber of soils from widespread parts of the county than any other group, the surface layer is medium tex- tured, the subsoil is fairly fine, and the profile is at least moderately deep. These soils can absorb water only rather slowly, but large amounts of water will be retained in the soil and in the subsoil. Irrigation soil group 5 includes the greater part of the better agricultural soils of the county. Irrigation soil group 6, on the other hand, includes only two soils, both of the Dunmore series. These soils have a friable, silty surface layer, but a very heavy and very fine subsoil. Although this subsoil is not a hardpan, it allows only very slow movement of soil moisture; however, large amounts of moisture can be stored. Ap- plication of water must be slow on these soils. Irrigation soil group 7 consists of the soils of the covuity that have a fine or very fine surface layer and subsoil, with the subsoil almost invariably somewhat finer than the surface layer. As far as irrigation management is con- cerned, the soils of group 7 are much like those of group 6. However, because the surface texture is so fine in the soils of irrigation soil group 7, the irrigation of most truck crops is not recommended. Generally, truck crops are much more easily managed on coarse-textured soils, and they are seldom grown on very fine textured soils, except in home gardens. To summarize, irrigation soil groups 3 and 5 (especially the latter) include most of the better agricultural soils of the county for most purposes. These soils can store rather large amounts of irrigation water, which can be applied at moderate rates, and are thus perhaps the most suitable soils in the county for irrigation farming. Irrigation soil groups 1, 2, 6, and 7 should also give good returns from irrigation. Irrigation soil group 4 consists of soils that are shallow and generally rather low in natural fertility, or otherwise limited in usefulness. Irrigation on these soils may not be justifiable, except for some special crops or enterprises that will yield high returns per dollar invested. Some good-quality orchard sites, especially with regard to freedom from frost, occur on some of these shallow soils, and it may be feasible to irrigate orchai'ds on such sites. Soil groups for sewage disposal Although Washington County is mostly rural, its county seat, Hagerstown, is a growing industrial citj-. Along with its industrial growth there is rapid residential expansion in some of its suburban areas. There are also growing communities in the county; Smithburg is one example. In any rapid industrial or residential expansion, one of the problems is disposal of sewage. Wherever complete systems of sewers can be installed, the problems are not left to the individual landowner. Unless a sewerage sys- tem can be built, however, the indi\adual builder or land- owner generally needs to arrange for disposal of sewage, and, as a rule, he will install a septic tank. 114 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Tablt, 8. — Irrigdfioii soil (jr(nij>s\ wifli t(>d crop.'-: and ceiUiiii ivafcr irdofionshrps^ Irrigation soil grouj) and names of soils in each group Alaxiniiini rate of applica- tion on flatland ^ Crops locally adapted for irrigation Ascragc depth of soil to be irri- gated Irrigation soil group 1: Moderately well drained and well drained sandy loams — Ashton fiiu^ sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Calvin channei-y fine sandy loam, 3 to 10 jjercent slop<'s, moderately eroded. Chewacia gravelly sandy loam.^ Holston gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 8 {)ercent shapes. Ilolston gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Huntington fine sandy loam. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 0 to S ]iercont slopes. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Philo gravelly sandy loam.'' Poi)e fine sandy loam. Pope gravc^Uy sandy loam. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Irrigation soil group 2:' Moderately well drained loams and silt loams with a tough, dense, or compact subsoil within about 20 inches of the surface — Buchanan gravelly loam, 0 to 3 ])ercent slopes. Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Landisburg cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Landisburg cherty silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongahela gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongahela gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongahela silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Trego gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Trego gravelly silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Irrigation soil group 3: Moderately well drained and well drained, deep loams and silt loams over unconsolidated sand, silt, and gravel sub- stratum— Chewacia silt loam.* Congaree silt loam and gravelly loam. Huntington gravelly loam. Huntington silt loam. Hinitington silt loam, local alluvium. Largent silt loam."" Lindside silt loam.* Lindside silt loam, local alluvium.'' Philo silt loam.* Pope gravelly loam. Pope silt loam. Warners loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes.* Irrigation soil group 4: Well-drained to excessively drained, medium- textured soils over fragmented bedrock at a depth of 18 to 24 inches — Berks channery loam, ridges, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Berks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Berks shaly silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. per hour 0. 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 . 5 . 5 . 5 1. 0 . 5 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 5 . 5 . 3 Truck group 1 Truck group 2 Truck group 3 Corn Sweet corn Alfalfa Ladino clover Grass mi.xturc Irish potatoes Tomatoes Brambles Orchards (with cover) Orchards (without cover) Inches Truck group 1 Truck group 2 Truck group 3 Corn Sweet corn Ladino clover- Grass mixture. Tomatoes Truck group 1 Truck group 2 Truck group 3 Corn Sweet corn Alfalfa Ladino clover Grass mixture Irish potatoes Tomatoes Brambles Orchards (with cover) Orchards (without cover) Truck group 1 Truck group 2 Truck group 3 Corn Sweet corn Alfalfa Ladino clover. 12 13 18 24 18 27 18 18 18 24 24 27 27 12 15 18 20 20 18 18 20 12 15 18 24 18 27 18 18 24 24 24 27 27 12 15 18 24 18 24 18 See footnotes at end of table. WASHIXCTON COUNTY, MAI{VL\M) 11.-) 'r.Mii.K S. I ii i(i(tlion soil (jioiips, in'l/t dihi />/((/ mips n/id c(itaiii malcr rcldtionship.'i^- ( oiil iiincd Ii iifj,:i(ii)ii suil groiij) iiiid naiiu's of soil.s in each group Maximum rule of ajjjjlicii- lion on flatland ^ Crops locally adajjlcd for irritjal ion Average depth of soil to be irri- gated Irrigation soil group 4 — Continued Ucrks shalv silt loam, 15 to S percent slojM's, moderately eroded. Berks sluily silt loam, S to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Berks silt loam, ridges, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Berks silt loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, nuxlerately eroded. Calvin shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 10 to 20 jjercent slopes, moderately eroded. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hazel channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded.^ Litz channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes. Litz shaly loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 0 to 8 percent slopes. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. Montevallo shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 0 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Irrigation soil group 5: Well-drained loams and silt loams with moder- ately fine subsoil underlain by bedrock or unconsolidated material — Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Duffield silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Dufficld silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 0 to 12 percent slopes. Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 5 to 20 percent slopes, mod- erately eroded. Elliber cherty loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Elliber cherty loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Etowah gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Etowah gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Etowah gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Etowah silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Etowah silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Etowah silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Fauquier channery loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Fauquier channery loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Fauquier channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Fauquier silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Faucjuier silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Fauquier silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. See footnotes at end of table. Inches per hour 0. 6 . 3 . 3 . 6 . 3 Inchtg Grass mixture Tomatoes Brambles Orchards (with cover) Orchards (without cover). Truck group 1 Truck group 2 Truck group 3 Corn Sweet corn Alfalfa Ladino clover Grass mixture Irish potatoes Tomatoes Brambles Orchards (with cover) Orchards (without cover) 18 24 24 24 24 12 15 18 24 18 27 18 18 24 24 24 27 27 110 SOIL SUKVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 Table 8. — Irrigation soil groups with adapted crops and certain water relationships ' — Continuod Irrigation soil group and names of soils in each groiij) Maximum rate of applica- tion on flalland ^ Crops locally adapted for irrigation Average depth of soil to be irri- gated Average available moisture capacity to dei>th indicated ^ Irrigation soil group 5 — ('onlinued Frankstown and Dullield channery silt loams, S to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frederick cherty silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent sloi)es. Ilagcrstown silt loam, 0 to 8 ])ercent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded, lligiifield gravelly loam, 0 to 5 ])ercent slojjes. Highfield gravelly loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded, llighfield gravelly loam, 10 to 20 j^ercent slopes, moderately eroded, llolston gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slojies. Holston gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded, llolston gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Holston silt loam, 0 to 3 ])ereent slopes. llolston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded, llolston silt loam, 8 to 15 ])ercent slopes, moderately eroded. I.aidig gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Tjaidig gravelly loam, 3 to 8 ])ercent slo])es, moderately eroded. Laidig gravelly loam, 8 to 15 jjcrcent slopes, moderately eroded. IMurrill gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Murrill gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Mnrrill silt loam, 0 to 3 ))ercent slojjes. Murrill silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slo])es, moderately eroded. Alurrill silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville channery loam, 0 to 3 pcneent slopes. Alyersv-ille channerv loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Mj^ersville channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Myersville silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Thurmont gravelly loam, 3 to 8 jjercent slopes, moderately eroded. Thvirmont gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Waj-nesboro gravelly loam, 8 to 15 [percent slopes, moderately eroded. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded. Westmoreland channery silt loam, 10 to 20 jjercent slopes, moder- ately erod(>d. Irrigation soil group 6: Well-drained silt loams with a thick, very fine- textured subsoil underlain by bedrock — Dunmore cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Dunmore cherty silt loam, S to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Inches per hour 0. 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 5 . 3 Inches Truck group 1 Truck group 2 Truck group 3 Corn Sweet corn .Alfalfa Ladino clover Grass mixture Irish potatoes Tomatoes Brambles , - Orchards (with cover) Orchards (without cover) 12 15 18 24 18 27 18 18 18 24 24 27 27 See footnotes at end of table. WASllI.\(i COUNTY, MAHYLA.ND TAifiiK S. Iiii(j(tlii>n soil (jroups, vu'/li (nhiphil crojts (iiul ccrtdiii water relatiomhipH^ — Conliiiucd I 17 Maximum .\ vorage Avcrugf! rate of depth of available Irrigation soil ihi'iil's of soils in cacli H'onj) api)lica- Crojjs locally adapted soil to moisture tion on for irrigation be irri- capacity flatland gated to depth indicated ' Tncfus peT hour Corn Inches Inchts Irrigation soil group 7: \\ Cll-draincfl siltv clay loams and clay loams with 0. 3 24 4. 0 a tine to \ ('ry line-text iirrd snl)soil nndcrlain by bedrock — . 3 Hweet corn 18 3. 0 Henevola cla\' loam, 0 to percent slopes . 5 Alfalfa 27 4. 5 Benevola clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. . 5 Ladino clover 18 3. 0 Benevola clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, nioderateh' eroded. . 5 Grass mixture.. - . 18 3. 0 Corydon clay loam, 0 to '.i i)ercent slopes. . 3 Irish potatoes . 18 3. 0 Corydon clay loam, 3 to 8 jxjrcent slopes, moderately eroded. . 3 Tomatoes 24 4. 0 Corydon clay loam, 8 to 1 5 percent slopes, moderately eroded. . 3 Brambles 24 4. 0 Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. . 5 Orchards (with cover) 27 4. 5 Ilagerstown clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. . 3 Orchards (without cover).. 27 4. 5 Hagerstown clay loam, 8 to 1 5 jjcrcent slojies, moderately eroded. Hagerstown silty clay loam, (1 to 3 percent slopes. Hagerstown silty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown silty clay loam, S to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. ' Only the best croplands of Washington County, moderately well drained or better, and suitable for more or less continuous cultivation (capability classes I, II, and III) are listed in this table. Xo severely eroded soils are listed. 2 Maximum rates of water application do not apply, except under ideal conditions on flatlands. The application must be reduced to suit specific site conditions based on soil structure, slope, erosion, cropping system, past history of the area to be irri- gated, and othe factors. ^ The figures for available moisture capacities are strictly esti- mates, and these are intended to be averages for all soils of the group. There are some variations between soils within a group, particularly between those of different structure or different slope and degrees of erosion. * These soils are only moderately well drained at best. Adequate artificial drainage practices must be applied, in most instances, to make these soils suitable for irrigation. These soils are not considered suitable for alfalfa, Irish potatoes, brambles, or orchards. * All soils of this group will need adequate artificial drainage to make them suitable for irrigation. They are not considered suitable for alfalfa, Ii-ish potatoes, brambles, or orchards. " The Hazel channery silt loam is seldom much more than 12 inches deep over bedrock. If irrigation is to be used on this soil, no more water should be applied than can be stored within this 12-inch surface layer. Many individual householders, particularly in suburbs of great cities, have built septic tank systems that later failed. Most of the failures occurred during wet seasons. Some of them occurred after an initial period during which the system appeared to function properly. In- vestigations have disclosed tliat many, if not nearly all, of these failures occurred in soils that are not well drained or that contain a dense or fine-texttired subsoil. In such a soil the movement of effluent liquid from a septic tank is slow. In wet weather and for a long time after wet weather, the soil is saturated, the water table stands near the surface, and there is no available space for the effluent. JNIany a householder has discovered, to his dis- may, that a septic tank installed during dry weather failed to function after any considerable period of rain. Other failures have occurred where the soil is steep (generally more than 8 percent slope), shallow to bedrock or to a dense substratum, or subject to seasonal flooding by overflowing streams. Such failures have been fewer, however, than those resulting from a water table or a slowly permea1)le soil because they have been more readily foreseen. Soil scientists, health officers, and others have worked together to find out the significance of soil characteristics that can be observed before a septic tank is installed. The factors that limit and tliose that favor the function- ing of septic tanks have been used to characterize, at least in part, the soils of Washington County. Ex- perience has shown that modern soil survey maps, the kind published with this report, can be used to predict the behavior of a septic tank system with a high degree of accuracy. It is always necessary, however, to examine the soil at the exact site. A small, included area of an unfavorable soil, too small to be shown on the map, might be there. The general suitabilities of soils for septic tank sites are indicated in column 5 of table 7. However, it is explained in a footnote to table 7 that ratings of fair or good, as given in the table, should apply only to the areas of slopes of not more than 8 percent. These ratings are recorded alphabetically by soil series in table 7; hence, no particular classification or grouping is apparent there. The soils of AVashington County have also been grouped as to their suitability for sewage disposal. Eight groups have been made for this purpose. SOIL GROUP 1 FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL The soils of group 1 for sewage disposal have few, if any, limitations for this use. They are deep, well- drained soils over a friable substratum that consists of deeply weathered rock or other unconsolidated materials. There is no hindrance to the movement of water or of effluent, normally, to a depth of at least 6 feet. There are few, if any, failures of individual tanks on these soils. Some of the soils have a rather fine-textured sitbsoil that is somewhat limited in permeability. 118 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 195 9, NO. 17 Although there should be no difficulty with an in- dividual, family-size septic tank, it is possible that dif- ficidty might develop if a number of tanks were con- centrated in a small area. This might occur where lots are small, as in a closely spaced residential development. The soils in this group that might develop dilHculties uiuler such conditions are those of the Benevola, Etowah, and Ilagerstown series, and perhaps some areas of soils of the Duffield, Frankstown, and Murrill series. It should also be pointed out that occasional ledges of lime- stone may be encountered in some of the soils in group 1. Ledges will help determine the exact location of an individual septic tank. Tlie soils in group 1 for sewage disposal are given in the following list. A few of the soils have slopes greater than 8 percent, but tlieir characteristics fit better with soils of this group than witli any other. Benevola clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. Benevola clay loam, 3 to 8 percent sloi)es, moderately eroded. Braddock and Tliurnkont sraveliy loams, 3 to S percent slopes, miideiately eroded. Unttield silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Duffield silt loam. 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Edgemont and Laidis channery loams, 0 to 12 percent slopes. Edgemont and I^aidis very stony loams, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Etowab gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Etowah gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Etowah silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Etowah silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Fauquier channery loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Fauquier channery loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Fauquier silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Faucpiier silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 0 to 8 percent slopes, severely eroded. Frederick cherty silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstowu clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, severely eroded. Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Hagerstown silty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown, Corydou, and Duffield very rocky silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Highfleld gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Highfield gravelly loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Highfleld very stony loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Holston gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Holston gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Holston gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes. Holston gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 1.5 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Holston silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Holston silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Laidig gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Laidig gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Murrill gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Murrill silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Murrill silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville channery loam, 0 to 3 percent .slopes. Myersville channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Myersville channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, .sevei-ely eroded. Myersville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Myersville silt loam, 3 to 10 percent .slopes, moderately eroded. Tliurmont gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Waynesboro gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, nuMlerately eroded. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 peix-ent slopes. Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded. Westmoreland channery silt loam, to 10 jierccnt slopes, moder- ately eroded. SOIL GROUP 2 FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL The soils of grouj) 2 for sewage dis[)()sal have the same general characteristics as those of group 1, except that the slopes of nearly all of them are between 8 and 15 per- cent. The steeper soils are less desirable for sewage dis- posal fields than those of group 1. There is greater danger of downslope pollution, and the slope increases the costs of excavating and grading. Tlie soils of the Benevola, Duffield, Etowah, Frankstown, Hagerstown, and ^furrill series are somewhat less favorable than the other soils of the group. In spite of these limitations, the soils of group 2 for sewage disposal are rated as fairly suitable for this purpose. Some of the soils in group 2 have a range of slope less than 8 percent or greater than 15 percent, but their characteristics fit better with soils of this group than with any other. Benevola clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Benevola clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, .severely eroded. Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Duffield extremely rocky silt loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes. Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Duffield silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Duffield very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes. Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 5 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. EUiber cherty loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Etowah gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Etowah silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Fauquier channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Fauquier silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frankstown very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded. Frankstown very rocky silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. Hagerstown clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded. Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 8 to 1.5 percent slopes, severely eroded. Highfield gravelly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Holston gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Holston gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND IIolsloii silt loiiin, 8 to 15 porcoiit slopes, inodcrjiloly eroded, liiiidi}; Ki'avelly loiiin, 8 to 15 i)erceiit sloiics, iiioderalely eroded. Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 15 iiereeut sloj)e8, moderately eroded. ]M\irrill gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 i)ereeiit sIoik's, severely eroded. .Mm-rill sill luaiii, 8 to 15 jierceiit slopes, iiiodoi'ately eroded. -Myersville chaiiiiery Iciam. Id l, JVO. 17 be nuK'li larg-er tlian on the luoie suitable soils of sewage disposal soil group 1. Exaniiuation of the particular site is especially needed. There is danger of oversatura- tion of (he soil with sewage, and thus considerable danger of pollution of other soil areas and of water supplies. The CorvdoM and Dunniore soils are somewhat less per- nieabl(> tliau the other soils of this group. Rerks chaniuM-y loam, ridfjcs, 0 to 10 percent .slopes, moderately eroded. P>i'rl percent slojies, severely eroded. Montovallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 i)ercent slopes, moderately eroiled. SOIL GROUP G FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL Soil group 6 for sewage disposal consists of soils sim- ilar to those in groups 4 and 5, but the soils are so steep or so shallow as a result of erosion that they are almost entirely unsuitable for sewage disposal. Most of the slopes are greater than 15 percent. Berks channery loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Berks shaly silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Berks silt loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately erorle;!. Berks soils, ridges, 20 to 45 percent slopes, severely eroded. Berks soils, ridges, 30 to GO percent slopes. Calvin channery loam, 20 to 30 i)ercent slopes. Calvin channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin channery loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes. Calvin channery loam, 45 to GO percent slopes. Calvin shaly loam, 20 to 30 i)ercent slopes. Calvin shaly loam, 30 to 45 jiercent slojies. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 20 to .■'><) i>erceiit slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin-Berks channery loams, 30 to GO percent slopes, moderately eroded. Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moder- ately eroded. Calvin-.Montevallo shaly loams. 20 to 45 percent slopes, severely eroded. Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 30 tr) (iO percent slopes. Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes. Corydon very rocky clay loam, 3 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Eroded land, shale and schist materials. Hazel channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Hazel channery silt loam. 10 to 20 i)ercent slopes, severely eroded. Hazel channery silt loam, 20 to 30 i>ercent slopes, moderately eroded. Hazel channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded. Hazel channery silt loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, liitz shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent .slopes, moderately eroded. Litz shaly loam, 20 to 30 i)ercent sloiies, severely eroded, liitz shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz shaly loam. 30 to 45 percent slopes, severely eroded. Litz shaly loam, 45 to GO percent slopes. Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Litz-Teas channery silt loams. 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. Litz-Teas channery silt loams. 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Montevallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded. Montevallo shaly loam. 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Montevallo shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded. SOIL GROUP 7 FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL Soil group 7 for sewage disposal contains soils that are very poor or unsuitable for this use. The soils have impeded drainage and a seasonally high water table, but they are not subject to flooding. The percentage of septic tanks that failed to function properly, as reported in Maryland, is greater on the soils of group 7 than on those of any other group. It can be predicted that, with few exceptions, septic tanks on these soils will fail. The soils have very slowly permeable subsoil of fine clay or dense, compact silt, or both. Water moves too slowly in these soils for the effluent to be ab- sorbed. Little movement can be observed except in the surface layer. It has been observed, for example, that WASHINGTON COUNTY, MAIO'LANI) 121 the surface layer can be saturated with water wliile the lower subsoil appears to be only moist. Apparoully, hllle water can iKMietrate into the subsoil or llir()uent ly or moderately sloping, and ai)i)ear to be ideal homesites. No matter liow pleasant the landscape, liovvever, the soils are not suitable for disposal of sewage from septic tanks. The soils of group 7, fortunately, are not extensive. There are many small spots of them, however, in all parts of the county. Tlie spots are scattered in nearly all sec- tions, except in the great limestone valley. Brinkerton silt loam, 0 to 8 perceut slopes. Kucluuiau liravelly loam, 0 to 3 iXTcciit slopes. Bucluuiau iiravoUy loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Biieluuiaii gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Bueliaiian jiravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Landisburg cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Landisburg cherty silt k)am. 8 to 25 percent .slopes, moderately eroded. Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongahela gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Alonongahela gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongahela silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Monongahela silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Rohrersville silty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Trego gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Trego gravelly silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Tyler silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. SOIL GROUP 8 FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL Soil group 8 for sewage disposal contains the soils that are subject to flooding and, hence, are unsuitable for this purpose regardless of their other characteristics. The Ashton soil of this group is well drained and lies above many minor floods, but it is likely to be flooded at high-water stages. The Congaree, Huntington, and Pope soils are less easily and less frequently flooded than the rest of the group, but the hazards on them are so great that septic tanks should not be installed, even though they might work satisfactorily for most of the year. Ashton fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes. Atkins silt loam. Chewacla gravelly sandy loam. Chewacla silt loam. Chewacla stony silt loam. Congaree silt loam and gravelly loam. Dunning and Mclvin silty clay loams. Huntington fine sandy loam. Huntington gravelly loam. Huntington silt loam. Huntington silt loam, local alluvium. Largent silt loam. Lindside silt loam. Lindside silt loam, local alluvium. Melvin silt loam. Philo gravelly sandy loam. Philo silt loam. Pope line sandy loam. Pope gravelly loam. Pope gravelly sandy loaitj. Pope silt loam. Pope stony gravelly lu.-mi. Terrace escarpments. Warnci's loam, 0 to S iiercciit slopes. W'cliadkee silt loam. This grou[)ing of soils is a guide to Die po.ssibilities of sewage disposal in ^Vashington ("oimty. For any site that is doubtful, actual testing of the soil is essential before a disposal field is ])lanned. Use of the Soil Survey in Community Planning In planning and zoning activities, a county generally will benefit if a considerable part of the soils suitable for farming can be reserved for that purpose. However, as a rule, the soils that are best for farming are also good for l)uilding sites. An orderly plan for land use, made by the local people and their representatives, is desirable to prevent intensive competition for the best soils for different kinds of use. In the section preceding this one, the soils have been grouped according to their suitability for disposal of sewage, with special reference to the outflow from septic tanks. The same groups of soils can serve other purposes in planning uses of suburban land. Soil groups 1, 2, and 4 for sewage disposal include most of the soils that make the best farmland. The soils of these groups should be considered for permanent farming use as cropland or pasture. Some of the soils of group 8 also are valuable for farming, even though they are sometimes flooded. The Asht:on, Congaree, Huntington, and Pope soils of group 8 are in capability class I because they have few limitations of any kind for the production of crops. In suburban communities land is needed for public recreational uses. Within practical limits some of the soils, least valuable for farming, should be reserved for parks and other public areas. Soils of groups 3, 6, and 7. and .some of those in group 8, can be used to good advantage for parks and recreation. The sloping and steep soils of groups 3 and 6 are almost ideal for parks and other recreational areas. Some of the steep soils have been eroded, and many areas are in woods. Steep hillsides and the adjoining narrow bot- tom lands are not well suited to use as farms or as build- ing lots. Parks should be kept in forests, insofar as possible. A few areas need to be cleared, and many could be re- forested. Reforestation increases esthetic values and also helps retard runoff, control erosion, and reduce the dan- ger of flooding. Protective vegetation is especially val- uable on the highly erodible soils of groups 3 and 6 for sewage disposal. Soils of group 7 for sewage disposal have a very slowly permeable subsoil and tend to be wet at times, some of them for a large part of the year. With good surface drainage and careful disposal of surface water, these soils can be used as residential sites, provided a com- plete sewage disposal system is installed so that owners will not have to depend on septic tanks. The soils of 122 SOIL SHUVKY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 group 7, particularly those that are in scattered, small areas, can also be used for small community parks. The soils of groups f, 5, and (> are rather shallow over hard rock. Tliese soils furnish excellent footings for industrial })lants or other heavy buildings. In any area the cost of revegetating or otherwise sta- bilizing cuts, fills, roadbanks and shoulders, and other disturbed areas can be an important item. One of the colnnms of table 7 indicates the general suitability of topsoil that can be obtained from each of the soils of the county. Use of good to])soil for facing disturbed areas helps in the diflicult task of establishing protec- tive vegetation on them. Formation and Classification of Soils Soils are the products of soil-forming processes acting on materials deposited or accumulated by geologic forces. The important factors in soil formation are ])arent ma- terial, cHmate, living organisms, topography, and time. Factors of Soil Formation Climate and living organisms, particularly vegetation, are the active forces in soil formation. Their effect on the parent material is modified by topography and by the length of time the parent material has been in place. The relative importance of each factor differs from ]>lace to })lace. Occasionally, one factor dominates and fixes most of the properties of the soil, but normally the in- teraction of all five factors determines what kind of soil develo])S in any given place. Parent material The soils of Washington County developed fi'om two general kinds of parent materials. The more extensiA e is residuum formed by the weathering of rocks in place. The other consists of sand, silt, clay, and rock fragments that were transported by water, wind, or gravity, or by a combination of these agents. The residual material was derived from many dif- ferent kinds of rocks. About one-twentieth of the county is underlain by rocks of igneous origin. But, at some time since their origin, they have been metamorphosed by heat, pressure, and movement into what are now the metabasalts, or so-called greenstones. Upon these rocks have been developed the soils of the Fauquier, Myers- ville, and Highfield series. The soils occur chiefly in Pleasant Valley and in the extreme northeastern part of the county along the Frederick County line. Most of the county is occupied by rocks originally of sedimentary origin. These rocks ai'e made up of fine- to coarse-grained materials that were deposited in bodies of water and subsequently transformed into rock by com- paction, cementation, and chemical and other consolida- tion processes over long periods of time. The unaltered sedimentary rocks are of various kinds. Limestone of various degrees of purity has produced parent materials of the Ilagerstown, Frankstown, Duf- field, Frederick, Dunmore, Elliber, Benevola, and Cory- don soils. The Litz soils are from slightly calcareous, gray shales. The INIontevallo soils are from acid, gray shales, the Berks soils from acid, yellow to brown shales, the Calvin soils from acid, red shales and sandstones, and the Teas soils from slightly calcareous, red shales and sandstones. Interbedded shales, sandstones, and lime- stones have produced tlie Westmoreland soils. Gray to yellow sandstones, in some places quartzitic, are the parent materials of the Dekalb and I^^etonia soils, and red sand- stones, the parent materials of the Lehew .soils. Other rocks of sedimentary origin have, in early geo- logic periods, been metamorphosed. Micaceous schists and phyllites have produced the Hazel and Chandler soils, and quartzites and (|uartzitic .sandstones are the parent materials of the Kdgemont soils. The Talladega .soils are also residual from micaceous schists, but they have been influenced by admixtures of sandstones and (juartzite. The second group of parent materials, as has already been noted, consists of those which have been transported. The areas of such deposits are along present or former watercourses, oi- in foot-slope accumulations of colluvial debris. On the most recent alluvial deposits are the flood-))hun soils of the Atkins, Chewacla, Congaree, l)unning, Hunt- ington, Largent, Lindside, Melvin, Philo, Po[)e, Warners, and Wehadkee series. On older alluvial deposits, which are now in terrace positions above present flood plains, are the soils of the Ashton, Etowah. Holston, Monon- gahela, Tyler, and Waynesboro series. Tlie soils occurring on deposits of colluvial debris of various kinds include those of the Braddock, Brinkerton, Buchanan, Landisburg, Leadvale, Laidig, Murrill, Roh- rersville, Thurmont, and Trego series. There is also some evidence that the Edgeniont soils of Washington County may be at least influenced by, if not partially derived from, colluvial materials. In age the parent materials of the soils of Washington County range from very young to very old. The alluvium deposited on the flood plains during Recent geologic time is the youngest parent material. New material is added to these deposits yearly by flooding or overwashing. Slightly older is the material on the terraces along major streams; it was deposited during the Pleistocene epoch. Shales and sandstones on Sideling Hill in the western part of the county are of Carboniferous age. Most of the shales and sandstones, and some of the limestones from Fairview Mountain westward, are Devonian, but some of them are even older, of the Silurian period. Most of the rocks of the Great Valley are Ordovician, but some are Cambrian, as are also the sedimentary rocks of South Mountain and Elk Ridge (4). Even older, probably Precambrian, are the metabasalts (5). Climate Washington County has a temperate, rather humid climate that is typical of the Middle Atlantic States. The average temperatures and the distribution of rain- fall are given in table 9. Throughout the county, climate has been a rather uniform factor in soil development. South Mountain and the other mountains and hills cause some obstruction to the movement of winds, clouds, and rainstorms. Thus, there is the possibility that some local areas might be in a rain-shadow position and might re- ceive less rainfall than is normal for the county as a whole. WASIIlNCroX COUNTY, MAIH I.A.NI) Tabi.e 9. — ■Temperature and precipitation at (Jhewsville Bri(l)ngaree soils. On these soils, however, any of the processes mentioned above may have taken place in the soil materials before they were moved and deposited as new alluvium. Some organic matter accumulated in all of the soils of Washington County to form an A, lioriztju. The Aj hori- zon is thin in most soils, and in the plowed soils it has lost its identity to become an Ap or part of the Ap horizon. In a few soils, such as the Dumiing, the Ai horizon is thicker than the plowed layer. Tlie amount of organic matter ranges from very low to moderately high. The soils of the Montevallo series contain so little or- ganic matter that even in the unidowed soils it is scarcely apparent. The Dumiing soils lia\ e a thick, prominent Ai horizon that contains perhaps as much as 5 percent or- ganic matter. Leaching has translocated minerals in most of the soils in the county. The carbonates have been completely leached out of the A and B horizons of all the soils, except those of two series. The Warnei-s soils and some areas of the Melvin soils contain lime. There are some free car- bonates in the Afelx in, and the Warners soils are marly and calcareous tliroughout. P>o(h consist of very recently de- posi(ed material, and there has l^een some rei)leiiisliment of carl)onates to ofl'set removal of carbonates by leach- ing. Some other soils of the county, particularly those of the Lindside series, contain a large amoimt of ex- changeable calcium, but have no free carbonates. All of these soils are young, and they would become leached if they did not receive neutral or lime-bearing sediments from time to time. The result of complete weathering in this environment would be the production of clay that is dominantly kaolinite (3). Actually, although kaolinite is probably the most characteristic clay mineral in mature soils of this area, other clay minerals, such as halloysite, illite, vermiculite, and montmorillonite, are also present in many of the soils. Their presence shows that in spite of the long exposure of minerals during geologic time, the weathering processes have not yet reached their end point. The processes may have reached a point where the soils and their accompanying chemical processes are in at least temporary equililn-ium with the environment. Translocation of silicate clay minerals has contributed strongly to the development of horizons in most of the soils oif the comity. Silicates have been removed, in part, from the A horizon of the soils and have become partly immobilized in the B horizon. This is true in all the soils that have a textural B horizon, and is probably true to some slight degree in soils that do not ha^-e a distinct textural B horizon. The effects of translocation are illustrated most strongly in the soils that have a fine-textured B horizon, such as those of the Fauquier, Waynesboro, Hagerstown, and particularly of the Brin- kerton and Dunmore series. The solution and transfer of iron have occurred to some degree in all the soils, and particularly in the wet soils. The formation of reduced iron compounds that give the soil a neutral gray color is known as gleying. In soils of the Dunning, Brinkerton. Atkins, Melvin, Tyler, and Wehadkee series, there has been considei-able WASHINGTON' COUNTY, MARYLAND 12.') cincnl dl' ii'oii. In llu' dv'wv soils, iiiov I'inciil of iron has been loss inarkiHl, -rou[)s. The Edgemont, EUiher, Fiankstown, Frederick, Ilrtgerstown, Highlield, IMurrill, Myersville, and West- moreland series consist of Gray-Brown Podzolic soils that have some of the characteristics of Red-Yellow Podzolic soils. They are somewliat more strongly leached than typical (Iray-Brown Podzolic soils. The Ao horizon is more strongly bleached, and the B horizon is more red or yellow and less brown. These intergrades are characteristically more acid throughout lhan the modal Gray-Brown l*odzolic soils. The Berks soils are Gray-Brown Podzolic soils that have some of the characteristics of Lithosols. Lithosols are very immature soils being developed from hard rock material, and they do not have complete horizonation. The Berks soils are shallow over bedrock of shale and contain nuich skeletal shale material, but they do have a faint, though not distinct, B horizon of clay accumula- tion characteristic of the Gray-Brown Podzolic group. The Ashton series consists of young or immature Gray- Brown Podzolic soils being developed from fairly recent, though not contemporary, alluvium. Horizonation is w(>ak. The Ashton soils are said to be Gray-Brown Pod- zolic soils intergrading toward Alluvial soils. Red-Yellow Podzolic soils The central concept of this group is that of well- developed, well-drained, acid soils that have a thin, organic-mineral Ai horizon, a light-colored, bleached, and leaclied Ao horizon, and a I'ed, yellowish-red, reddish- yellow, or yellow, mucli liner textured B horizon. The pai'ent material is commonly, though not invariably, more or less siliceous: where it is thick, it is commonly marbled or otherwise variegated in color. The chroma of the B horizon is high, G or above. The reaction is normally sti'ongly acid or very strongly acid. Representative of the central concept of the Red-Yellow Podzolic soils are the Braddock, Dumnore, Ilolston, Thurmont, and Waynesboro series. Perhaps the morpho- logy of the Waynesboro series most nearly represents modal Red-Yellow Podzolic soils. Other soils of the Red- Yellow Podzolic great soil group are characterized by a fragipan horizon below the normal B horizon. These fragipans are dense, compact, platy in structure, normally highly silty, and slowlj^ or very slowly permeable to water. They obstruct the pene- tration and development of roots. INIost of them are only moderately well drained. Morphologically, the soils are typical Red- Yellow Podzolic soils, but they have also tlie fragipan horizon. In spite of drainage that is usually impeded, they are not said to be intergrades toward any other great soil group, but are simply known as Red- Yellow Podzolic soils with fragipans. The soils of Washington County that fall into this class are those of the Buchanan, Laidig, Landisburg, Leadvale, Monongahela, and Trego series. The soils of the Etowah and Fauquier series are inter- grades to the Reddish-Brown Lateritic group. The B horizon of these soils closely resembles that of Reddish- Brown Lateritic soils, which are normally found in sub- tropical or very warm-temperate climatic zones. These B horizons are red to dark red, fine textured, and pre- sumably contain free oxides of iron and aluminum. The subsoils are porous, and the soils are well drained. Reddish-Iirown Lateritic soils Reddish-Brown J^ateritic soils are closely related to, and have nuich the same geographic distribution as, the Red-Yellow I'odzolic soils. They have been formed from less siliceous parent matei-ial ; for example, from material weathered from basic rocks, such as basalt or limestone. Thus, the parent materials are commonly lower in quartz or its etjuivalent and higher in alkaline earth elements, such as calcium, than those giving rise to Retl- Yellow Podzolic soils. Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils have a thick, dark Ai horizon, lack Ao horizon, and are dark in color in the B horizon. Tlie degree of weathering of minerals in the soil profile is much the same as for Red- Yellow Podzolic soils. The Benevola series is tentatively classified as a Reddish-Brown Lateritic soil intergrading to the Terra Rossa group. Benevola soils are comparable to typical members of the group in features su(;h as color, texture, structure, and consistence of horizons in the solum. On the other hand, these horizons are less acid in reaction than those of typical Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils. Benevola soils have reddish-brown clay loam surface layers over dark-red clay subsoils that have conqjound blocky and granular stnicture. The subsoils are poi'ous, which is uncommon for clays that are firm when moist and sticky and plastic when wet. Overlying hard, sandy limestone or calcareous sandstone, Benevola soils are neutral to mildly alkaline in reaction throughout the solum. This is the reason for considering them inter- gi'ades to the Terra Rossa group, soils found in the credit erranean region of Europe and Africa, where cli- mates are much less humid and many soils are calcareous to the surface. Planosols The great soil group known as Planosols is defined as a group of soils having one or more horizons abruptly separated from, and sharply contrasting to, an adjacent liorizon because of cementation, compaction, or high clay content (8). There are two such soil series in Washington County, the Rohrersville and the Tyler. Each has a dense B horizon that causes the soil to be poorly drained. The Tyler soils have a clay B horizon, and the Rohrersville soils have a B horizon of compact, platy, silty clay loam to sand}' clay loam. Humic Gley soils Humic Gley soils are poorly drained or very poorly drained. They have a thick, prominent A horizon that has a high content of organic matter and a strongly reduced or mottled B horizon or subsoil. The mottling or gleying in some places extends upward into the lower part of the A horizon. Only one soil in Washington County is classified in the Humic Gley great soil group. This is the Dunning series, which contains the most poorly drained soils in the county. It occupies recent flood plains, but the soil materials have been in place long enough to have developed a character- istic Humic Gley profile. Low-Humic Gley soils This great soil group consists of poorly drained soils that normally have a thin surface horizon that is moder- WASHINGTON COUNTY, MAHVLAM) 127 ;i(('l_v lii<^h ill ()ri;;nnc iimltcr, and a molt led or "rlcycd mineral subsoil. 'Jlicre is <^i'iu'rally sonic Icxiiiral dif- IVriMil ia( ion bclwoon (he various horizons. Besides alluvia- tioii, (here is, in many places, .some surface :iccumula( ion of line ma(erial (hat washed in from adjacent hi<^lier areas. The Ijow-Iluniic Gley soils differ from the Ilumic Gley soils in that the hitter have a prominent A horizon that has a high content of organic matter, and a more strongly gleyed B horizon. Only one soil series in (he coun(y is in (lie Low-IIumic Gley great soil group. This is (he Brinker(()n series. The soils are wet much of the (ime; (lie high water table is a result of seepage. There are three poorly drained soils (hat have char- acteristics of the Low-Hvmiic Gley group but that grade toward Alluvial soils. These soils, of the Atkins, Melvin, and "Wehadkee series, consist of recently deposited flood- plain sediinen(s and are subject to frequent flooding or overwasli and (o deposition of new material on the surface. Lithosols A Lithosol has an incomplete solum or no clearly ex- pressed soil morphology. It consists of an imperfectly weathered mass of rock fragments, and normally has an incii)ient A horizon but no B horizon. Lithosols are generally confined to steeply sloping areas, or to areas of very resistant rock where geologic erosion has removed soil as fast as it was formed. Eight soil series in AVasliington County belong to this group, but onh^ three of them fit the central concept of Lithosols. These are the Chandler, Hazel, and Monte- vallo series. The Corydon series is a Lithosol with some additional characteristics of Gray-Brown Podzolic soils. It consists of sliallow clay loam underlain by and developing from limestone, and has a few to many rock outcro])s. It has a very weakly developed B horizon, somewhat like that in the Gray-Brown Podzolic soils. The Calvin, Litz, and Teas soils are Lithosols that inter- grade toward Sols Bruns Acides. They have a very weakly developed B horizon that resembles tliat of the Sols Bruns Acides. The normal or modal Talladega soil would be a true Lithosol, but only a thick variant is mapped in Washington County, and this variant is an intergrade toward Red- Yellow' Podzolic soils. Alluvial soils Alluvial soils consist of deposits of recent alluvium on flood plains. They have little, if any, horizonation or other significant observable effects of true soil-forming processes. Although they are composed of soil in the general agricultural sense, they are little more than parent materials in the genetic sense", even though the soil par- ticles may once have been parts of genetic soils at other locations. The Chewacla, Congaree, Huntington, Largent, Lind- side, Philo, Pope, and Warners series consist of Alluvial soils. The Congaree, Huntington, and Pope soils are deep and well di-ained. They have no horizonation, ex- cept for some slight accumulation of organic matter near the surface. They have no impediment to internal drain- age, although they may be in positions that are flooded. Soils of the Chewacla, Largent, Lindside, and Philo series are moderately well drained or somewhat poorly 599553—62 9 di'aiiied. I'x'caiise (he wa(er (al)l(' is high for a fairly large pari of each yeai', (here is some e\ ideiic(! of slight gleiza(ioii in (he lower ])ar( of (lie subsoil. TIk^v are, however, wi(hin (he ceiUral concept of Alluvial soils. The Warners soils have variable drainage; (hey are poorly drained in many places and modera(ely well drain- ed in others. They consist of marly alluvium tha( has been somewhat darkened in (he surface layer by organic ma((er, but (liey have little oilier e\ideiice of genetic horizonation. Literature Cited (1) Amehican Association of State Highway Officials. 1955. standard specifications for highway materiai,s AND methods of SAMPLING AND TESTING. Ed. 7, 2 v., illus. (2) Baldwin, Mari^, Kellogg, Charles E., and Thorp, .Tames. 1938. soil classification. In U.S. Dept. Agr. Ybk., Soils and Men, pp. 979-1001. (3) Brancato, G. N. 1951. THE climate' of WASHINGTON COl'NTY. In The Physical Features of \\'ashington Count}-, pub- lished by the Maryland Board of Natural Re- sources, Dept. of GeoL, Mines and ^^'ater Resources, pp. 254-2(56. Waverly Press, Balti- more. (4) Cloos, Ernst. 1951. stratigraphy of sedimentary rocks. In The Physical Features of Washington County, pub- lished by the Maryland Board of Natural Re- sources, Dept. of (ieol., Mines and Water Resources, pp. 17-94. Waverly Press, Balti- more. (5) 1951. igneous rocks. In The Physical Features of Washington County, published by the Maryland Board of Natural Resources, Dept. of GeoL, Mines and Water Resources, pp. 95-97. Wav- erly Press, Baltimore. (6) Hamilton, A. B. 1956. comparative census of Maryland agriculture BY counties. Univ. of Md. Ext. Serv., Misc. Ext. Pub. No. 32f, 52 pp. (7) Matthews, Earle D. 1960. SOIL survey, FREDERICK COUNTY, MARYLAND. U.S. Dept. of Agr., Soil Conserv. Serv., in coop, with Maryland Agr. Expt. Sta., Soil Survev Ser. 1956, No. 15, 144 pp., illus. (8) Thorp, James, and Smith, Guy D. 1949. HIGHER categories OF SOIL classification: order, SUBORDER, AND GREAT SOIL GROUPS. Soil Sci. 67(2): 117-126. (9) U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1951. soil survey manual. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handb. 18, 503 pp., illus. [Replaces U.S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 274, the Soil Survey Manual Pub. 1937.] (10) Waterway's Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers. 1953. UNIFIED SOIL classification system. Tech. Memo. No. 3-357, v. 1. Glossary AASHO classification (engineering). The system of soil classifi- ( atidu (if the American Association of State Highway Officials. Alluvial soil. A soil ou a flood plain, consisting of essentially unaltered allnviniii. Alluvium. Fine material, as sand, silt, or clay, deposited on laud by streams or rivers. Bases. The positive, generally metallic elements or combination of elements that make up the nonacidic plant nutrients. The most important of these in plant nutrition include calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and ammonium (NHO. 12.S SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 California bearing ratio (onKineering). Tlic rat io of I lie al)ilit.v ol' a soil lo support wciulii, lo ilial of a standard cnislicd liiiu'sloiH', lirst standardized in (.'alifornia : aljlircviatod CVAi. Thus, a soil with a ("HU of l(i would support 1C> lu'rcont of the load that would he suijported hy the crushed limestone, per unit area and with the same degree of distortion. Channery. Containing hetween 15 and 50 percent Hat fragments of sandstone, limestone, or schist uji to (i inches along the tlie longer axis. Clay. SnuiU mineral soil grains, less than ().()()2 millimeter ( ().(i()(H)7!> ini-h) in diameter; individual grains generally in- \isilile ev(>n under an oi'dinary microst-op(>. Claypan. .V soil horizon or layer rich in clay and separale(l abruptly from the overlying layers; normally rather comi)act or massive. Cobbly. Containing hetween 1.") and SO jiercent rounded or par- tially rounded fragments of rock ranging from ;{ to 10 inches in (liainet<>r. Colluvial fans and cones. Formations at the foot of a slope made up of ( (illinium. Colluvial .soil. A soil at a foot slope or in a depression, consisting of colhnium. Colluvium. Deposits of soil nuiterial and rock fragments accumu- lated at the bases of slopes through the influence of gravity, in s )me cases assisted by the How of water. Such dei)osits in some places are very small and local ; in other places, they are very hirge and extend for great distances out over \alley tloors. Complex, soil. An intimate mi.xture of areas of different soils, that cann.)t be indicated separately on a nuip of the scale used, and are therefore mapped together as a unit. Dispersion, soil. The breaking d(»wn of aggregated clumps of soil particles into individual grains of clay, silt, or sand. Diversion, or diversion terrace. Any ridge of earth, generally a terrace, that is built to divert runoff water from its natural course and. thus, lo pi-otect downslop(> areas from the effects of such runoff. Fragipan. A very compact soil horizon, rich in silt and generally relatively low in clay; normally, strongly platy in structure and interfering with the penetration of roots and water. Gleization or gleying. The reduction, translocation, and segrega- tion of soil compounds, notably of iron, normally in subsoils or substrata : a result of poor aeration and drainage, ex- liressed in the soil by mottled colors dominated by gray. Gravelly, (^)ntaining between 15 and 50 percent rounded or angular fragments of rock, not prominently flattened, up to 3 inches in diam(>ter. Great soil group. A broad group of soils having internal soil characltuistics in common. It includes one or more soil fam- ilies, and generally a great number of soil series. Hydrologic soil groups. Groups of soils having similar rates of inrtltration by water, even when wetter, and similar rates of water transmission within the soil. There ai-e four such groups of soils currently recognized by the Soil Conservation Service. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate even when thoroughly wetted, consisting chiefly of deep, well- drained to excessively drained sand and/or gravel. These soils have a high rate of water transmission and will have a low runotf potential. Group B. Soils having a moderate inflltration rate when thoroughly wetted, consisting chiefly of moderately deep to deep, moderately well drained to well drained soils with moderately fine to moderately coarse tex- tures. These soils have a moderate rate of water trans- mission, and will have a moderate runoff potential. Group C. Soils having a slow inflltration rate when thoroughly wetted, consisting chiefly of (1) soils with a layer that impedes the downward movement of water, or (2) soils with moderately fine to fine tex- ture and slow infiltration rate. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission, and will have a high runoff potential. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wetted, consisting chiefly of (1) clay soils with a high swelling potential. (2) soils with a high permanent water table, (3) soils with a claypan or a clay layer at or near the surface, and (4) shallow soils over nearly impervious materials. These soils have a very .slow rate of water transmission, and will have a very high runoff potential. Igneous rock. A rock formed l>y the .solidilicat ion of molten jiri- m.iry rock material or magma. Internal drainage. That quality of .soil that jH-rmits the down- wai-d flow of excess water through it. Liquid limit. The moisture content at which a soil material passes from a jilastic to a liquid (free-flowing) state. Low-Humic (Jley soils. A great soil group in which the soils are characterized by a weak Ai horizon over a mottled or partially gleyed mineral B horizon that is normally some- what finer in texture than the A horizon. Maximum density. The greatest amount of soil that can be compacted into any unit of volume; oxi)res.sed as jxiunds of dry soil per cubic foot. Mechanical analysis of soil. The determination of the percentage of the soil particles of all sizes — gravels, sands, silts, clays, and all their standard subdivisions; based on the mineral soil only, free of wiiter and organic matter, drain .size refers to the size limits of any particular fraction of the si)il, and grain size dixtributio)! refers to the proportions of the various-sized fractions in tlie whole mineral soil. Metamorphic rocks. Rocks of any origin that have been so altered by heat, pressure, and movement that their j)hysical nature lias become completely changed. Such rocks are nearly always crystalline. Morphology, soil. The ])hysical constitution of the soil, expressed in the kinds of siil horizons, their thickness and arrange- ment in the itrolile, ami the texture, sti-ucture, consistence, porosit.v, and color of each horizon. Poorly graded (engineering). A soil consisting of particles chiefly of the same or very nearly the same size or diameter; having a narrow range of particle size and, thus, poor grain-size distribution. Such a soil can be increased in density only slightly hy compaction. Reaction, soil. The degree of acidity of the soil expressed in i)II \alues, or in words, as follows: />// pH Kxtremely acid below 4..'5 Mildly alkaline 7.4 to 7.8 Very strongly acid 4.5 to 5.0 Moderately alkaline 7.9 to 8.4 Strongly acitl 5.1 to 5.5 Strongly .alkaline 8.5 to 9.0 -Medium acid 5. G to 6.0 Very strongly alkaline 9.1 and Slightly acid 6.1 to 6.5 higher .Neutral G.6 to 7.3 Ked-Yellow Podzolic soils. A great soil group in which the soils are characterized by a thin, organic-mineral Ai horizon, a light- colored, bleached, leached Aj horizrin, and a flner textured, I'ed to yellow B horizon ; acid ; base saturation in the B horizon is normally less than 35 percent and decreases with depth. Rocks. The principal kinds of rocks in this county are — Chert. A flintlike rock, generally found as an impurity in limestone or other sedimentary rocks. Limestone. A rock made up principally of calcium carbonate, or, in some cases, magnesium carbonate. Metaandesite. A metamorphosed igneous rock moterately rich in iron and other metallic elements ; chemically similar to andesite. Metabasalt. A metamorphosed igneous rock very rich in iron and other metallic elements; chemically .similar to basalt. Metarhyolite. A rock similar to metaandesite but lower in ircm and other metallic elements ; chemically similar to granite. Phyllite. Refers to the appearance or shape of a rock, mean- ing leaflike ; thin, flattened, and generally .slightly wavy or crinkled. Quartz. A mineral that consists of silica, Si02. Quartzite. A sandstone or other quartz-bearing rock that has been altered by heat and pressure mitil it is definitely fused. Sandstone. A rock made up chiefly of grains of silica sand cemented together. Schist. A rock, originally either sedimentary or igneous, that has been altered by heat and pressure until it is crystalline and has a foliated structure, and is more or less easily split into slabs or sheets. Shale. A rock made up of grains of silt or clay, or both, sometimes with a little sand, that have been cemented together ; normally occurs in masses of flattened fragments. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 120 Sand. Ilock or ininoral fragineuts, visible to the normal naked vyo, l)(M\v(<(Mi 0.05 nnllinicter (0.002 inch) and 2.0 niiliuieter.s (O.OTl* iiirli) in (liuiiictor. As a textural class, a soil that is !)(> iiorcoiit or niori> .siuul. Sedimentary rock. Uock formed by the consolidation of any of many kinds of sedimenl. Sandstone, shale, and limestone are common sedimentary rocks. Shaly. Refers to .soil material of wliicli l.'j to 50 in'rccnt consists of flattened fra.uineiUs of sliale less than (! inches alons; the lons'er axis. A sin>;le i)iece is a shale fragment. I^arger frag- ments are fhn/s av fldt/stoHcs. Shrink-swell potential. Tli(> ability of a soil to lo.se Vdhinic willi a loss in water content and to gain volume with an increase in water content. Silt. Small naneral soil grains ranging from 0.002 nullimeter (O.OOOOTi) inch) to 0.05 millimeter (0.002 inch) in diameter; not visible to the naked eye but readily vi.sil)le under a microscope. Soil consistence. The characteristics of soil material that are expressed by the degree and kind of cohesion and adliesion, or by the resistance of the soil material to deformation or rupture. When dry, a sail is said to be loo.sc, soft, slightly hani, liiinl, rcnj hard, or c.rtrcinel ii hard. When moist, a soil is said to be loose, very friable, friable, firm, very firm, or extremely firm. When wet, a soil is said to be nonplustic, slifjhtJy i)lastic, plastic, or very plastic, and also nonsticky, slifihtlii sticky, sticky, or very sticky. Soil erosion. The removal of soil material by geologic agencies, principally wind and running water. Accelerated erosion refers to loss of soil material brought about by the activities of man. Soil erosion in Washington County is most commonly caused by water and can be classified as sheet erosion (the removal of soil material without the development of conspicuous channels), rill erosion (which produces small channels), and yiilly erosion (which produces large channels). Soil horizon. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the sur- face, having characteristics produced by soil-forming proc- esses and differing in one or more ways from adjacent horizons in the same soil profile. A horizon. The master horizon, consisting of (1) one or more mineral horizons of maximum organic accumulation; or (2) surface or subsurface horizons that are lighter in color than the underlying horizon and have lost clay minerals, iron, and aluminum, with resultant concentration of the more resistant minerals; or (3) hoi'izons belonging to both of these categories. B horizon. The master horizon of altered material characterized by (1) an accumulation of clay, iron, or aluminum, with accessory organic matter; or (2) blocky or prismatic struc- ture together with other characteristics, such as stronger colors, unlike those of the A horizon or the underlying horizons of nearly unchanged material; or (3) character- istics of both these categories. Commonly, the lower limit of the B horizon corresponds with the lower limit of the solum. C horizon. A layer of unconsolidated material, relatively little affected by organisms and presumed to be similar in chemical, physical, and mineralogical composition to the material from which at least a portion of the .solum has developed. D horizon. Any stratum underlying the C horizon, or the B if no C is present, which is unlike the C or unlike the material from which the solum has been formed. Any major horizon (A, B, C, or D) may or may not consist of two or more subdivisions or subhorizons, and each sub- horizon in turn may or may not have subdivisions. For the kinds of subdivisions that may exist, along with their designations and definitions, the reader is referred to the Soil Surve.v Mainial. Soil permeability. That quality of a soil that enables it to trans- mit water or air. Soil profile. A vcrlical section of IIji- miII lliioii;;b mII liorizons and extending into tiu! jiarent material. (See also I'arent material ; Soil horizon.) Soil series. A group of soils having the same profile character- istics, and the same general range in color, structure, con- sistence, and sequence of horizi>ns ; tin; same? general conditions of relief and drainage; and generally a common or similar origin ami mode of formation. Soil structure. The arrangement of the indi\i(lual soil particles into aggregates that ha\e definite sliape and pattern. Common kinds of structure in Washington (jounty are sini/lc f/rain, cnunh. (/raniilar, blocky, si< liinif/nlar hlockii, platy, and massive. Soil texture. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay jtar- ricles in the soil. A coarse-textured soil is one high in sand; a tine-textured soil coidains a large proportion of clay. (See Saiul; Silt; Clay.) Soil type. A subdivision of the soil series based on the texture of the surface soil; for example, in the Huntington .series in Wa.shington County there are 3 types — Huntington fine sandy loam, Huntington gravelly loam, and Huntington silt loam. Sols Bruns Acides. A great soil group in which the soils are characterized by a weak Ai horizon, a very weak A2 horizon or none, and a B horizon that is differentiated almost entirely by color ; no significant increase in clay minerals in the B horiz(ni as compared to the A horizon ; little structural development; low degree of base saturation and very strong acidity. Solum. The genetic soil developed by soil-fornuug processes ; the A and B horizons; does not include the parent material (C horizon) . Stony. Containing enough stones more than 10 inches in diameter to interfere with, but not prevent, cultivation of inlertilletl cro])s. A very stony soil contains enough stones to make tillage impractical and to bar the use of farm machinery. Subgrade (engineering). The substratmn, either in-place or fill material, prepared for highway construction : does not include stalnlized base course or actual paving materials. Subgrade modulus (engineering). The resistance of the soil to UTiit areas displacement under load, expressed in pounds per square inch. Hence, if a load of 1,000 pounds on 100 square inches of surface penetrates 1 inch, the modulus is 10. Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon of a soil ; in more general terms, that part of the soil profile below plow depth. Substratum. Any layer beneath the B horizon ; may be a con- forming (C) horizon or an unconforming (D) horizon. Surface soil. That part of the upper profile, to a depth of about 8 inches, normally disturbed by plowing ; more technically, the A horizon. Terrace (geological). An old alluvial plain, commonly flat or smooth but in some places sloping and dissected, bordering a stream, a lake, or the sea ; frequently called a second bot- tom, as contrasted to the present flood plain ; seldom subject to overflow. Undifferentiated mapping unit. A soil mapping unit that consists of two or more soils or land tyijes that are not ordinarily geographically associated. Unified soil classification system (engineering). The system of mechanical soil classification of the Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army. Used by the Soil Conservation Serv- ice, The Bureau of Reclamation, and other agencies and organizations in works dealing with soils engineering. Upland (geological). Land consisting of materials unworked by water in recent geological time and ordinarily lying at higher elevations than the alluvial plains and the terraces. Well graded (engineering). A soil consisting of particles well distributed over a wide range hi size or diameter. Such a soil normally can be easily increased in density and bearing properties by compaction. 130 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 CUIDK TO MAPPING UNITS [See table 4, p. 9, for the approximate acreage and proportionate extent of the soils, and table 5, p. 54, for estimated average acre yields. To learn about use of the soils for woodland, see the section beginning on p. 81 ; for information about the engineering uses of the soils, including us(> for irrigation and for sewage disposal, see the section beginning on p. 84. Dashes indicate soil not suitable for irrigation] Map symbol Mapping unit Page AsB Ashton fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes 13 At .\tkins silt loam 14 BaA Benevola clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 15 BaB2 Benevola clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moder- 15 ately eroded. BaC2 Benevola chiy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mod- 15 erately eroded. BaC3 Benevola clay loam, 8 to 1 5 jjercenl slopes, sev- 15 erely eroded. BcB2 Berks channery loam, ridges, 0 to 10 percent 15 slopes, moderately eroded. BcC2 Berks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent 15 slopes, moderately eroded. BcC3 Berks channery loam, ridges, 10 to 20 p(>rcent 15 sloj)es, severely eroded. BcD2 Berks channery loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent 15 slopes, moderately eroded. BeB Berks shaly silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes 15 BeB2 Berks shaly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, mod- 16 erately eroded. BeC2 Berks shaly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mod- 16 erately eroded. BeD2 Berks slialy silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, 16 moderately eroded. BkB2 Berks silt loam, ridges, 0 to 10 percent slopes, 16 moderatelv eroded. BkC2 Berks silt loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, 16 moderately eroded. BkC3 Berks silt loam, ridges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, 16 severely eroded. BkD2 Berks silt loam, ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, 16 moderately eroded. BoE3 Berks soils, ridges, 20 to 45 percent slopes, sev- 16 erely eroded. BoF Berks soils, ridges, 30 to 60 percent slopes 16 BrB2 Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 3 to 8 17 percent slopes, moderately eroded. BrC2 Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 8 to 15 17 percent slopes, moderately eroded. BrD Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loams, 15 to 17 25 percent slopes. BtB Brinkerton silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes 17 BuA Buchanan gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. _ 18 BuB2 Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, 18 moderately eroded. BuC2 Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, 18 moderately eroded. BuD2 Buchanan gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, 18 moderately eroded. CaB2 Calvin channery fine sandy loam. 3 to 10 percent 18 slopes, moderately eroded. CcB2 Calvin channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, 19 moderately eroded. CcC2 Calvin channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, 19 moderately eroded. CcD Calvin channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes.. 19 CcD2 Calvin channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, 19 moderatel.v eroded. CcE Calvin channery loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes.. 19 CcF Calvin channery loam, 45 to 60 percent slopes. . 19 CmB2 Calvin shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, mod- 19 erately eroded. CmC2 Calvin shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, mod- 19 erately eroded. CmC3 Calvin shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, se- 19 verely eroded. CmD Calvin shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes 19 CmE Calvin shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes 19 CnB2 Calvin-Berks channery loams, 0 to 10 percent 19 slopes, moderately eroded. Woodlnnd Seivage Capabilitij Irrigation suitubililjj disposal unit Page ■soil group Page group Page group Page 16 65 1 114 Fl 82 8 121 IIIw-l 74 FI 82 121 IIs-1 69 1 17 I'l 82 1 1 17 IIe-19 68 ] 1 7 11 82 1 1 1 7 IlIe-30 73 7 1 17 Fl 82 2 118 I\'e-1 75 Fl 82 2 118 IIs-7 70 4 1 11 F2 83 4 119 IIIe-32 73 4 1 14 F2 83 5 120 IVe-32 77 F2 83 5 120 IVe-32 77 F2 83 6 120 III.s-2 74 4 114 F2 83 4 119 IIIs-2 74 4 1 1 4 F2 83 4 1 19 T\'e 32 4 1 1 4 F2 83 5 120 Me-3 78 F2 83 6 120 IIs-7 70 4 114 F2 83 4 119 ITIe-32 73 4 114 F2 83 5 120 IVe-32 77 r2 83 5 120 IVe~32 77 F2 83 6 120 Vne-3 80 F2 83 6 120 Vne-3 80 F3 83 6 120 IIe-4 !; o Fl 82 1 1 17 Iire-4 70 5 1 15 Fl 82 2 118 1 * e o Fl 82 3 119 IIIw-1 74 Fl 82 7 120 IIw-1 68 2 "ii4 F2 83 7 120 JIe-13 67 2 114 F2 83 7 120 II]e-13 72 2 114 F2 83 7 120 IVe-9 76 F2 83 7 120 IIe-10 67 1 114 F2 83 4 119 IIe-10 67 4 114 F2 83 4 119 IIIe-10 71 4 114 F2 83 5 120 IVe-10 76 F2 83 6 120 IVe-10 76 F2 83 6 120 ^Te-3 78 F2 83 6 120 Vne-3 80 . F2 83 6 120 IIIs-2 74 "114 F2 83 4 119 IVe-32 77 4 114 F2 83 5 120 VIe-3 78 F2 83 5 120 VIe-3 78 F2 83 6 120 VIIe-3 80 F2 83 6 120 IIs-7 70 4 'ii4 F2 83 4 119 WASHINGTON rOTINTY, MAHYLANI) 131 GUIDK TO Map symbol Mtipiniiij iiiiil l'rately eroded. CnC3 Calvin- Herks ehaiiiierv loams, 3 to 20 perccnl, Id slo])es, severely eroded. CnD2 Calviii-Herks ehainierv loams, 20 lo 30 pereeiil 19 slopes, moderately eroded. CnF2 Calvin-Perks elia]ui(>rv loams. 30 to (iO percent, 10 slopes, moderately eroded. CoB2 Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 0 to 10 |)ercent 10 slopes, moderatelv eroded. CoC2 Calvin-Montnvallo shaly loams, 10 to 20 pereent 10 slopes. moderat<>lv eroded. CoD2 Calvin-MoiHi-vallo shaly loams, 20 to 30 percent 10 sk>pes, moderately eroded. CoE3 Calvin-Mont ewallo shaly loams, 20 to 45 percent 20 slopes, severely eroded. CoF Calvin-.Montevallo shaly loams, 30 to 60 percent 20 slo])es. CrB Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 0 to 20 1(1 I ercenl sloja'S. CrB2 Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 3 to 20 10 percent slo];es, moderatel\ eioded. CrC2 Cliandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 10 to 20 20 percent slopes, nioderately eroded. CrD Chandler silt loam and channery silt loam, 20 to 20 30 percent slopes. Cs Chewacla ijravellv sandy loam 21 Ct Chewacla silt loain 21 Cu Chewacla stony silt loam 21 Cv Con'iaree silt loam and gravell}' loam 21 CwA Corydon clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 22 CwB2 Corydon clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moder- 22 ately eroded. CwC2 Corydon clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mod- 22 erately eroded. CxC Corydon extremely rocky clay loam_, 0 to 15 per- 22 cent sl()])es. CyE2 Corydon ^(•ry rocky clay loam, 3 to 45 pereent 22 slopes, moderately eroded. DeD Dekalb and Leetonia very stony sandy loams, 22 0 to 25 percent slo]5es. DeE Dckall) and Leetonia ^•ery stony sandy loams, 22 25 to 45 i)ercent slopes. DeF Dekalb and Leetonia very stony sandy loams, 23 45 to 60 percent slopes. DkD Dekalb and Lehew very stony loams, 0 to 25 23 percent slopes. DkE Dekalb and Lehew very stony loam.s, 25 to 45 23 percent slopes. DmA Duffield silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 23 DmB2 Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moder- 23 ately eroded. DmC2 Duffieid silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moder- 23 ately eroded. DmD2 DufReid silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moder- 24 ately eroded. DmD3 DufReid silt loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely 23 eroded. DuC Duffield extremely rocky silt loam, 0 to 15 per- 23 cent slopes. DvC Duffield very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent 24 slopes. DvE2 Duffield very rocky silt loam, 8 to 45 percent 24 slopes, moderately eroded. DyB2 Dunmore cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, 24 moderately eroded. DyC2 Dunmore cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, 24 moderately eroded. Dz Diuming and Melvin silty clay loams 25 EdC Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 0 to 12 25 percent slopes. EdD2 Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 5 to 20 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. EdE2 Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 20 to 35 26 percent slopes, moderately eroded. EdF2 Edgemont and Laidig channery loams, 35 to 60 26 percent slopes, moderately eroded. UNITS Continued \V iioilldiiil Sfwugn ( '(I paliililii / rritjill ion auilahililij flixpo/ifil II ri it xoil (/roii/i / i/t' (/roup Paf/r, group I lie 32 73 4 1 1 1 I'2 83 5 120 IVe 32 77 J'2 83 5 120 l\ e 32 77 1'2 83 6 120 Vile 3 80 F2 83 G 120 Ills 2 74 4 114 F3 83 4 ] 19 n'e 32 77 4 1 14 F3 83 5 120 Vie 3 78 F3 83 6 120 VIIe-3 80 F3 83 6 120 Vlle-S 80 F3 83 6 120 lie- 10 67 4 114 F2 83 4 119 lie- 10 67 4 114 F2 83 4 119 IVe- 10 76 F2 83 5 120 Vie- 3 78 F2 83 120 IIw— 7 69 1 1 1 4 Fl 82 8 121 IIw-7 69 3 114 Fl 82 8 121 Vs-2 77 Fl 8 121 1-6 65 3 114 Fl 82 8 121 Ills 2 74 117 F2 83 4 119 IIIe-30 73 7 117 F2 83 4 119 IVe-1 75 7 117 F2 83 5 120 VIIs-l 80 F2 83 5 120 VIs-1 79 F2 83 6 120 VI Is -2 80 F4 83 3 119 VIIs-2 80 F4 83 3 119 VIIs-2 80 F4 83 3 119 VIIs-2 80 F3 83 3 119 VIIs-2 80 F3 83 3 119 I-l 64 5 115 Fl 82 I 117 IIe-1 65 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 IIIe-1 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 IVe-1 75 Fl 82 3 119 IVe-1 75 Fl 82 2 118 VIIs-1 80 Fl 82 2 118 VIs-1 79 Fl 82 2 118 VIs-1 79 Fl 82 3 119 IIe-1 65 a 1 1 Pi 1 i o 4 119 IIIe-1 70 R u 116 120 VIw-1 79 Fl 82 8 121 IIe-4 66 5 'lis Fl 82 1 117 IIIe-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 IVe-3 75 Fl 82 3 119 VIe-2 78 Fl 82 3 119 132 SOIL SURVKY SKKIES 19.5 9, MO. 17 GUIDE TO MAPPFNG UNITS— Coiil iiiucd Woodland Sewage Map Iai pdhilitji 1 rrigatioii suitabilily disposal si/inhol Afapping unit PtKje, unit Page soil group I 'age group Page group Page, EgA T'jfl*' cniont iiiul Ijiiicli^' very stony loutus, 0 to /) 2() Vs-2 77 Fl 82 I 1 1 7 ])d'c*('nt slo])os. EgD l^^diioniont und Luidi^ \'<'ry stoiiv loiims, 5 to )i5 20 \'I.s-2 79 Fl 82 percent slopes. EoF Kdjicinont uiid I^iiidiii \'er\' stoiiN' loixniSj 35 to (iO 2(> VI Is 2 80 Fl 82 percent- slopt^s. EhB2 I^lliber chert-y loiini^ 5 to 1*2 i.erceiit slopes, niod- 2G IIe-2() ()8 ,5 1 i.'j Fl 82 2 1 1 8 EhD2 ICllil)er chei't \' loiunj 12 to 25 ]M'rc(Mit sloj)eSj mod- 2() IIIe-2() 72 5 1 1 5 Fl 82 (*r;itely eroded. EhE2 iLllibcr cliert s' loiin^j 25 to -15 ])ei'('ent slop(*s, mod- 2() ^'Ie-l 78 Fl 82 (M'utel\' eroded. EhF I'Uilif'!* flicrtv lojiiii 4.5 to .5.5 i"if*reent, slmif^s 2() \IIe 1 79 Fl 82 Em 1 \ !'( > ( 1 i ' ( i hind pr(HMistone nuit(*ri;ds 27 VIIe-2 80 F4 83 En l^roded l*uul lin^estone nititeriids 27 Vile 1 79 F4 83 Er I'jroded hind, sandstone ;ind (luartzite materials- 27 VIIe-2 80 F4 83 Es l^roded land shale and schist n'aterials 27 Vile- 3 80 F4 83 (; 120 EtA I'.towah ji,ra\'ell\' loam, 0 to 3 ])ercent slo[)CS 27 I-l 64 5 1 15 Fl 82 1 1 17 EtB2 ICtowidi ^ra\'ell\' loam, 3 to 8 jjercent slopes. 27 He- 1 05 5 1 15 Fl 82 1 1 17 nioderal(*lv erodc^d. EtC2 ijtowah ^rtiA'ellv loanij 8 to 15 ])ercent slopes, 27 I He 1 70 5 1 15 Fl 82 2 118 Tnoderatel\' eroded. EtD2 Ktowah f.'Tavellv loam, 15 to 25 percent slo])es. 28 I\'e 1 75 Fl 82 moderatelv eroded. E w A Pitowah silt loam 0 to 3 pt^rcent slopes 28 I-l 64 1 15 Fl 82 I 1 17 EwB2 Ktowah silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moder- 28 He 1 05 5 1 15 Fl 82 1 117 atelv (*ro(ied. EwC2 Ktowah silt loani, 8 to 15 percent sloj)es, moder- 28 IIIe-1 70 5 1 15 Fl 82 2 118 '1 1 f '1 V* f 'Vr >f 1 r »f i FaB Pauquior cliaiuiorv loam, 0 to 5 porccnt slopes 28 1-4 04 5 1 15 Fl 82 1 1 17 FaB2 Faiicjuicr chaniuu'v loani, 5 to 10 pcrcoiit slop<^s, 28 IIe-4 ()0 5 1 15 Fl 82 1 117 ni()fl('rat(*lv (M'odod. FaC2 Faucjiiit'i* ('haiiiu*rv loaiii, 10 to 20 percent slop(*Sj 28 IIIe-4 70 5 1 1 5 Fl 82 2 1 18 iTiocicrat elv ci'odecL FaE2 FuiiQuitT ('haiiiu*rv loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes, 28 IVe-3 75 Fl 82 iiio(i(*rut el\' eroded. FrE FaiKiiii*'!' \'('rv stony loam, o to 35 percent slopes 29 VIs-2 79 Fl 82 FsA FaiKiuicr silt loani 0 to 3 perct^nt slopes 29 1-4 64 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 FsB2 PaiKiuier silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, mod- 29 IIe-4 00 5 1 15 Fl 82 1 117 erat(*lv ei'oded. FsC2 Fauquier silt loam, 10 to 20 jx'rccnt slopes, mod- 29 IIIe-4 70 5 1 15 Fl 82 2 1 18 erat el v (^roded. FtC2 Fauquier silt loam, shallow, 3 to 20 percent slojx's. 29 I Ve-3 75 F2 83 5 120 FuD FrjinU'st owii evtT'enielv rfiekv sill lo*ini 0 t(i 2n 29 VIIs-1 80 Fl 82 3 1 19 T'iPT'Pf^ll f sl nt"if^S Fu E Fran kst own ext re mel v roc k\' siji W)am 2o to -lo 29 VIIs-1 80 Fl 82 3 1 19 percent slopes. FvC2 Frankstown very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent 29 VIs-1 79 Fl 82 2 118 ctlones nioderjii f 1 v ei'oded FvC3 Frankstown y^'ry rocky silt loam, 8 to 15 percent 29 VIIs-1 80 Fl 82 2 1 18 slopes, seyerel y eroded. FvE2 Frankstown yery rocky silt loam, 15 to 45 perct'nt 29 VIs-1 79 Fl 82 3 119 slopes, mode I' at el \* eroded. Fw A Frankstown and Duftield channery silt loams 0 30 I-l 04 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 to ^ npT*f*P7it sloTies FwB2 Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 3 30 IIe-1 65 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 to 8 percent slo])es, moderately eroded. FwBB Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 0 30 IIIe-30 73 Fl 82 1 117 to 8 percent slopes, seyerely eroded. FwC2 Frankstown and Duffield channc'ry silt loams 8 30 IIIe-1 70 - 115 Fl 82 2 118 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. FwC3 Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loanis 8 30 IVe-1 7.5 Fl 82 2 118 to 15 percent slopes, se\'erelv eroded. FwD2 Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 15 30 IVe-1 75 Fl 82 3 119 to 25 j)ercent slopes, moderately eroded. FwD3 T^^rfi n k"«^t n WTT n ti fl T^i i ffiel H nliitmerv Qilt ^c^^ tit s 1 30 VIe-1 78 Fl 82 3 119 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. FwE2 Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 25 30 VIe-1 78 Fl 82 3 119 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. FwE3 Frankstown and Duffield channery silt loams, 25 30 VIIe-1 79 Fl 82 3 119 to 45 percent slopes, severely erodc^d. 117 FyB2 Frederick cherty silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes. 31 IIe-26 68 5 115 Fl 82 1 moderately eroded. FyC2 Frederick cherty silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, 31 IIIe-26 72 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 moderately eroded. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 133 GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS— ( ontimud Woodland Sewage Map CapabiliUj Irriyalion suilahilily disposal symbol MapiiiiKj unit Pane unit Page soil group Page group I 'age group Page FyC3 Frederick chert y silt loam, 8 to 15 percciiit slopes, 31 IVe-26 76 Fl 82 2 118 severely eroded. FyD2 Frederick chert y sill loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, 31 IVe-2f) 7G Fl 82 3 119 moderately eiodcfl. FyD3 Frederick chert y silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes. 31 VIe-1 78 Fl 82 3 119 severely eroded. FyE2 Frederick chert y silt loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes. 31 VIe-1 78 Fl 82 3 1 19 moderately eroded. HaA riagerstowa clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes 31 IIs-1 69 7 117 Fl 82 1 117 HaB2 Hagerstown clay loam, 0 to 8 ])ercent slopes mod- 32 He- 19 68 7 117 Fl 82 1 117 erately erodeti. HaB3 Hagerstown clay loam, 3 to S percent slopes, se- 32 IIIe-30 73 Fl 82 1 117 verely eroded. HaC2 Hagerstown clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, 32 HIe-30 73 7 117 Fl 82 2 118 moderately eroded. HaC3 Hagerstown clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes. 32 IVe-1 75 Fl 82 2 1 18 severely eroded. HaD2 Hagerstown clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, 32 IVe-1 75 Fl 82 3 119 moderately eroded. HaD3 Hagerstown clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, 32 VIe-1 78 Fl 82 3 119 severely eroded. HbD2 Hagerstown extremely rocky silt loam, 0 to 25 32 VIIs-1 80 Fl 82 3 119 percent slopes, moderately eroded. HcD2 Hagerstown extremely rocky silty clay loam, 0 to 32 VIIs-1 80 Fl 82 3 119 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded. VIIs-1 119 HdE Hagerstown extremely rocky soils, 25 to 45 per- 32 80 F2 83 3 cent slopes. HeA Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 32 I-l 64 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 HeB2 Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, mod- 32 IIe-1 65 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 erately eroded. HeC2 Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes. 32 IIIe-1 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 moderately eroded. HeD2 Hagerstown silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes. 32 IVe-1 75 Fl 82 3 119 moderately eroded. HfA Hagerstown siltj' clay loam, 0 to 3 percent 32 I-l 64 7 117 Fl 82 1 117 slopes. HfB2 Hagerstown silty clay loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, 32 IIe-1 65 7 117 Fl 82 1 117 moderately eroded. HfC2 Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent 32 IIIe-1 70 7 117 Fl 82 2 118 slopes, moderately eroded. HfD2 Hagerstown silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent 32 IVe-1 75 Fl 82 3 119 slopes, moderately eroded. HgC2 Hagerstown very rocky silt loam, 3 to 15 percent 32 VIs-1 79 Fl 82 2 118 slopes, moderately eroded. HgE2 Hagerstown very rockj^ silt loam, 15 to 45 per- 32 VIs-1 79 Fl 82 3 119 cent slopes, moderately eroded. HhC2 Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 3 to 15 33 VIs-1 79 Fl 82 2 118 percent slopes, moderately eroded. HhC3 Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 8 to 15 33 VIIs-1 80 Fl 82 2 118 percent slopes, severely eroded. HhE2 Hagerstown very rocky silty clay loam, 15 to 45 33 VIs-1 79 Fl 82 3 119 percent slopes, moderately eroded. HkF Hagerstown very rocky soils, 45 to 55 percent 33 VIIs-1 80 F2 83 3 119 slopes. HIA Hagerstown, Corydon, and Duffield very rocky 33 Vs-1 77 Fl 82 1 117 silt loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes. HmE2 Hagerstown and Duffield silt loams, 25 to 45 per- 33 VIe-1 78 Fl 82 3 119 cent slopes, modcratel.y eroded. HnB2 Hazel channery silt loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes. 33 IIIs-2 74 4 114 F3 83 5 120 moderately eroded. HnC2 Hazel channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes. 33 IVe-32 77 F3 83 6 120 moderately eroded. HnC3 Hazel channery silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes. 33 VIe-3 78 F3 83 6 120 severely eroded. HnD2 Hazel channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes. 33 VIe-3 78 F3 83 6 120 moderately eroded. HnD3 Hazel channery silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes. 33 VIIe-3 80 F3 83 6 120 severely eroded. HnE Hazel channery silt loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes. 34 VIIe-3 80 F3 83 6 120 HoB Highfield gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes 34 1-4 64 5 "lis Fl 82 1 117 HoB2 Highfield gravelly loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes. 34 IIe-4 66 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 moderately eroded. HoC2 Highfield gravelly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, 34 IIIe-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 moderately eroded. HoE2 Highfield gravelly loam, 20 to 35 percent slopes. 34 IVe-3 75 Fl 82 3 119 moderately eroded. 134 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS— (ontiiuiod 11 oodld Map i^(ip(il)il uy irvtgdiion HUlt(l})llltlj disposal symbol I\J Oppifl^ lifl'tt unit r(l(J€ soil (jroup iClQC yroup fagc: (/roup / a(j& HdB llighficld very slony loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes, _ 34 Vs-2 77 Fl 82 1 117 HpD llighfield very stony loam, 5 to 30 percent 34 VIs-2 79 Fl 82 3 ] 19 slopes. HpE Highfield very stonj' loam, 30 to 4,5 i)ercent 34 VILs-2 80 Fl 82 3 119 slopes. 1 17 HrA 1 lolston gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 35 1-4 64 5 115 Fl 82 1 HrB2 llolston gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, 35 IIe-4 66 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 moderately eroded. HrC2 llolston gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes. 35 IIIe-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 lis moderately eroded. HrD2 llolston gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes. 35 IVe-3 75 Fl 82 3 1 1 9 moderately eroded. HrD3 llolston gravelly loam, 8 to 25 i)erceiit slopes, 35 VIe-2 78 Fl 82 3 119 s(-verely eroded. HrE2 llolston gravelly loam, 25 to 45 i)ercent .slopes. 35 VIe-2 78 Fl 82 3 119 moderately eroded. HsB Holston gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent 35 IIs-2 69 1 1 14 Fl 82 1 ] 1 7 slopes. HsC2 llolston gravelly sand.y loam, 3 to 15 i)ercent 35 IIIe-5 71 1 114 Fl 82 1 117 slopes, moderately eroded. HsC3 llolston gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent 35 IVe-5 76 Fl 82 2 118 sloix's, severely eroded. HtA 35 1-4 64 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 HtB2 llolston silt loam, 3 to 8 i)ercent slopes, mod- 35 IIe-4 66 5 1 15 Fl 82 1 117 erately eroded. HtC2 llolston silt loam, 8 to 15 i)ercent slopes, mod- 35 IIIe-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 erately eroded. Hu Huntington fine sandv loam . 36 1-6 65 1 1 14 Fl 82 8 121 Hv JIuiitington gravellv loam . 36 1-6 65 3 114 Fl 82 8 121 Hw Huntington silt loam . . _ 36 1-6 65 3 114 Fl 82 8 121 Hx Huntington silt loam, local alluvium 36 1-6 65 3 114 Fl 82 8 121 La A Laidig gravellv loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 37 1-4 64 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 LaB2 I^aidig gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, mod- 37 IIe-4 66 5 115 P'l 82 1 1 1 7 erately eroded. 118 LaC2 Laidig gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes. 37 IIIe-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 moderately eroded. LaD2 Laidig gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, 37 IVe-3 75 Fl 82 3 1 1 9 moderately eroded. LbD Laidig very stony loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes. _ 37 VIs-2 79 Fl 82 3 119 LbE2 Laidig very ston\' loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes, 37 VII.s-2 80 Fl 82 3 119 moderately eroded. 120 LcB2 Landisburg cherty silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes. 37 He- 13 67 2 114 F2 83 7 moderately eroded. 120 LcD2 Landisburg cherty silt loam, 8 to 25 percent 37 IIIe-13 72 2 114 F2 83 7 slopes, moderately eroded. 82 121 Le Largent silt loam . _ _ - 38 II\v-7 69 3 114 Fl 8 LgA Lead vale gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. 38 IIw-l 68 2 114 F2 83 7 120 LgB2 Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, 38 lie- 13 67 2 114 F2 83 7 120 moderately eroded. Lm Lindside silt loam . . _ 40 II\v-7 69 3 114 Fl 82 8 121 Ln Lindside silt loam, local alluvium 40 II\v-7 69 3 114 Fl 82 8 121 LoB2 Litz channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, mod- 40 IIe-11 67 4 114 F3 83 4 119 erately eroded. 120 LoC2 Litz channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, mod- 40 IlIe-31 73 4 114 F3 83 5 erately eroded. 120 LoC3 Litz channery loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, se- 40 IVe-31 77 F3 83 5 verely eroded. 119 LsB Litz shalv loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes 40 IIIe-31 73 4 114 F3 83 4 LsB2 Litz shaly loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moder- 40 IIIe-31 73 4 114 F3 83 4 119 ately eroded. 120 LsC2 Litz siialy loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moder- 40 IVe-31 77 4 114 F3 83 5 ately eroded. 120 LsC3 Litz shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely 40 VIe-3 78 F3 83 5 eroded. 120 LsD2 Litz shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moder- 40 VIe-3 78 F3 83 6 ately eroded. 120 LsD3 Litz shaly loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely 40 VIIe-3 80 F3 83 6 eroded. 1 90 LsLz Litz shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, moder- 40 \ ^ T T ,^ O V lie— 3 80 r 6 QQ OO D ately eroded. 120 LsE3 Litz shaly loam, 30 to 45 percent slopes, severely 40 VIIe-3 80 F3 83 6 eroded. LsF Litz shaly loam, 45 to 60 percent slopes . . . 41 VIIe-3 80 F3 83 6 120 LtB Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 0 to 8 percent 41 IIe-11 67 4 '114 F3 83 4 119 slopes. 120 LtC2 Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 3 to 15 percent 41 IIIe-31 73 F3 83 5 slopes, moderately eroded. WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND 135 GlIIDK TO MAP Map .■ii/nibol MujijiiiKj unit I'lii/c LtC3 Litz-Tciis chainu'ry silt loams, S lo I') pciccnl 41 sl()])('s, severely eroded. LtD2 Lit /.-Tens chamiery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent -II slopes, moderately eroded. LtD3 Lit /.-Teas chaiinery silt loams, 15 to 25 pereeiil H slopes, severely eroded. LtE2 Litz-Teas channery silt loams, 25 to 15 pereeni II slop(^s, moderately eroded. Me Mel\ ill silt loam II MgB2 Mononsahela K' avc^lly loam, 8 to 8 percent slopes, 42 moderately eroded. MgC2 Moiioiigahela Rra\-elly loam, 8 to 15 percent 42 slopes, moderately eroded. MhA Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 42 MhB2 Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, 42 moderately eroded. MhC2 Monongahela silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, 42 moderately eroded. MhD2 Monongahela silt loam, 15 to 25 jiercent slopes, 42 moderately eroded. MmB2 Montevallo shaly loam, 0 to 10 percent slopes, 42 moderately eroded. MmC2 Montevallo shaly loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, 42 moderately eroded. MmC3 Montevallo "shaly loam. 10 to 20 percent slopes, 43 severely eroded. MtnD2 Montevailo shaly loam. 20 to 30 i^ercent slopes, 43 moderately eroded. MmD3 Montevallo shaly loam, 20 to 30 jiercent slopes, 43 severely eroded. MoA Murrill gravelly loam. 0 to 3 percent slopes 43 MoB2 Mtn-rill gravelly loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, 43 moderately eroded. MoC2 Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, 43 moderately eroded. MoD2 Murrill gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, 44 moderately eroded. MoD3 Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 25 percent slopes, 43 severely eroded. MoE2 Murrill gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, 44 moderately eroded. M rB Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes 44 MrC2 Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent 44 slopes, moderately eroded. MrC3 Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent 44 slopes, severely eroded. MrD2 Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent 44 slopes, moderately eroded. MrD3 Murrill gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent 44 slopes, severely eroded. MsA Murrill silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 44 MsB2 Murrill silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, moderately 44 eroded. MsC2 Murrill silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moder- 44 ately eroded. M vA Myersville channery loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. . 45 MvB2 Myersville channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, 45 moderately eroded. MvC2 Myersville channery loam, 10 to 20 percent 45 slopes, moderately eroded. MvD2 Myersville channery loam, 20 to 30 percent 45 slopes, moderately eroded. MvE2 Myersville channery loam, 30 to 45 percent 45 slopes, moderately eroded. MwB3 Myersville channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent 45 slopes, severely eroded. MwD3 Myersville channery silt loam, 10 to 30 percent 45 slopes, severely eroded. MxA Myersville silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes 45 MxB2 Myersville silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, 45 moderately eroded. MxC2 Myersville silt loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, 45 moderately eroded. MyE2 Myersville very stony loam, 3 to 30 percent 45 slopes, moderately eroded. MyF2 Myersville very stony loam, 30 to 55 percent 45 slopes, eroded. M(; UNITS Continued Wooillan'l Sewage ('cipahilitii Irrif/alion xiiitiiliilili/ dinpoHul unit ■soil group Page group Huge group I'age IVe-31 77 4 114 F3 83 5 120 IVe-3I 77 I>'3 83 fi 120 VIe-3 78 I'3 83 6 1 20 VI(-3 78 F3 83 6 r.M) 1 1 1 \v-2 74 Fl 82 8 121 lie- 13 67 2 ' 1 i 1 I'2 83 7 120 I He- 13 72 2 1 14 F2 83 ( 120 IIw-l 68 2 114 F2 83 7 120 lie- 13 67 2 114 F2 83 7 120 IIIe-13 72 2 114 F2 83 7 120 IVe-9 76 F2 83 7 120 1 1 if-.— Z 7 1 A 1 1 1 i 1 -1 r o 1 1 u IVe-32 77 F3 83 5 120 Vle-3 78 F3 83 6 120 VIe-3 78 F3 83 6 120 VIIe-3 80 F3 83 6 120 1-4 64 5 115 Fl 82 1 1 17 T J ^ A lie— 'I DO 0 i i 0 r i oZ 1 i 1 1 7 1 1 i IIIe-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 IVe-3 75 Fl 82 3 119 VIe-2 78 Fl 82 3 119 VIe-2 78 Fl 82 3 119 IIs-2 69 1 114 Fl 82 1 117 IIIe-5 71 1 114 Fl 82 1 117 IVe-5 76 Fl 82 2 118 IVe-5 76 Fl 82 3 119 VIe-2 78 Fl 82 3 119 1-4 64 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 IIe-4 66 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 IIIe-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 1 18 1-4 64 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 IIe-4 66 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 T T T,, 4 0 IIP; 1 lo r i oZ O Z 1 1 Q 1 1 O IVe-3 75 Fl 82 3 119 VIe-2 78 Fl 82 3 119 IIIe-44 73 Fl 82 1 117 VIe-2 78 Fl 82 3 119 1-4 64 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 IIe-4 66 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 IIIe-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 VIs-2 79 Fl 82 3 119 VIIs-2 80 Fl 82 3 119 136 SOIL SURVEY SERIES 1959, NO. 17 GUIDE TO MAPPING UNITS— Continued 11''" fi/ifil/l tif} wnifr/ Map 1 // Ti/i f >'/ / u ^—'IC fJ\.l'\/ I'll I L If J v T ) nnt } rti) J 1 1 HIULL Li/ 1 L Vi/ll/llllllfll • ^ 11- 1 L' 1 < ' 1 I 1 I ' f if 1 vTifi vfi I fJUoUL Q IS )i) hnl O (/ It I L/l/t ]\ fnTtTt7 ti n iiii'it. (.1 IV 11/ 1 uyv oVlfc If 1 U U. ff if 1 U III IJ Paqc (JTO }( J) Pai/e Pg Philo gravelly sandy loam.. . . . 45 IIw-7 69 1 114 Fl 82 8 121 Ph I'hilo silt loam. _ . . 40 T T — r 1 lw-7 09 3 114 Fl 82 8 121 Pn Pope fine sandv loam.. . ... 40 1-0 Oo 1 1 14 1 b 1 8 1 2 1 Po Po])e sravellv loam . . . 4() T /* 1-0 05 3 1 14 Fl 82 8 1 2 1 Pp Pope gravelly sandy loam . . . 40 IIs-2 69 1 111 Fl 82 8 121 rs Pope silt loam . . . A t\. 4() T O 1-0 DO 3 114 r 1 OO 8 i 21 Pt Pojje stony gravelly loam 40 Vs-z IT b 1 oo 82 8 121 Hk lloclcy eroded land _ . 40 V lis-1 80 T?A oo so 3 1 19 RoB2 Kolirer.sville silty elay loam, 0 to 8 jiercent slopes, moderately eroded. 47 IIIw-1 74 :::: Fl 82 7 120 Sr Stony rolling land . . . •17 VIIs-2 80 — F4 83 3 119 OS 1 T 4 / \ ' T T T ^- 1 r t OO •» o 1 ly T ^0 1 aLZ Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 0 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded. 1 7 ■i / TIT-, in 1 1 Ic— lU 1 1 / 1 4 114 r 1 oZ 2 1 1 8 TaC3 Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 48 I\ e-10 1 0 .... b 1 82 3 1 1 !) 10 to 20 percent slo|)es, severely eroded. Talladega gravelly silt loam, thick solum variant, 20 to 30 {)ercent slo[)es. TdD 4:8 I\^e-10 76 Jf 1 OO 82 3 1 1 9 TaE2 Talladega gravelly silt loam, tliick solum variant, 20 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. 48 VIe-3 78 Fl 82 3 119 Te Terrace escarpments . A Q 4o TTT„ a / 1 F 1 aZ 8 1 O 1 1 zl TU DO Thurmont gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately erodt^d. 1 4.) 1 le— 4 00 r 0 110 "Pi r 1 oo oZ 1 11/ ThC2 Thurmont gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. I'J llle-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 TrA Trego gravelly silt loam, 0 to 3 })ercent slopes I'.l lIw-1 68 2 114 F2 83 7 120 TrC2 Trego gravelly silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. ■10 llle-lo TO Z 1 14 IT**! r 2 83 7 1 Zu TyB Tyler silt loam, 0 to 8 ])ercent slopes.. _ lllw-1 / 4 . T?0 r z o3 7 1 on Wa Warners loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes.. 50 IIw-7 69 'il4 Fl 82 8 121 WbA Waynesboro gra\ elly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. 1 f) I T 1 1-4 04 5 1 1 0 r 1 oo oZ 1 117 117 WbB2 Waynesboro gravelly loani, 0 to 8 i)ercent slo])es, moderately (M'oded. 51 IIe-4 66 5 115 Fl 82 1 117 WbC2 Waynesboro gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. 51 IIIe-4 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 Waynesboro gravell}' loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. O 1 / O Jf i OZ TIC 1 lo WbD2 Waynesboro gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderatel\' eroded. 51 IVe-3 75 Fl 82 3 119 WbD3 Waynesboro gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded. 51 VIe-2 78 Fl 82 3 119 WbE2 Waynesboro gravelly loam, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded. Ol V le— z 7ft r I oZ O O 1 1.7 WgB Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 0 to 8 percent 51 ils-z 69 1 1 1 4 X? 1 r 1 QO oZ 1 1 117 11/ slopes. TTT„ r llle— 0 CO oZ Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded. oi / 1 1 1 1 1 114 r 1 1 117 1 1 t WgC3 Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded. 51 1\ e— 5 / 0 r 1 oo oZ o 1 1 O 1 lo WgD2 Waynesboro gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 25 per- 51 1 V e-5 /6 r 1 oo oZ Q O 1 1 n 1 ly cent slopes, moderately eroded. Wn Wehadkee silt loam ... ..... oz TTTxir 1 lllW— 1 / 4 - Ti"1 r 1 oZ Q O 1 91 WmB2 Westmoreland channery silt loam, 3 to 10 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded. 52 IIe-1 65 115 Fl 82 1 117 WmC2 Westmoreland channery silt loam, 10 to 20 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded. 52 IIIe-1 70 5 115 Fl 82 2 118 WmC3 Westmoreland channery silt loam, 3 to 20 per- cent slopes, severely eroded. 52 IVe-1 75 Fl 82 2 118 WmD2 Westmoreland channery silt loam, 20 to 30 per- cent slopes, moderately eroded. 52 IVe-1 75 Fl 82 3 119 WmD3 Westmoreland channery silt loam, 20 to 30 per- cent slopes, severely eroded. 52 VIe-1 o 78 Fl 82 3 119 WORKS AND STRUCTURES Highways and roads Dua' . . Good motor Poor motor Trail Highway markers National Interstate U.S Stale Railroads Single track Multiple track Abandoned Bridges and crossings Road Trail, foot Railroad Ferries Ford Grade R, R, over R. R. under Tunnel Buildings School Church Station Mines and Quarnes Mine dump Pits, gravel or other Power lines Pipe lines Cemeteries Dams Levees Tanks Oil wells Canal locks {pomt upstream) o o o WASHINGTON COUNTY, MARYLAND CONVENTIONAL SIGNS BOUNDARIES National or state County Township, U. S. Section line, corner Reservation Land grant Streams Perennial Intermittent, unclass. Canals and ditches Lakes and ponds Perennial Intermittent Wells Springs Mafsh Wet spot Canal Aqueduct ^ f Escarpments Bedrock Other Prominent peaks Depressions Crossabie with tillage implements Not crossabie with tillage implements Contains water most of the time SOIL SURVEY DATA Soil boundary and symbol Gravel Stones Rock outcrops Chert fragments Clay spot Sand spot Gumbo or scabby spot Made land Severely eroded spot Blowout, wind erosion Gullies WELL DRAINED, STONY AND VERY STONY SOILS Dekalb-Leetonia Edgemont-Laidig association: Very stony, mountainous soils Dekalb-Highfield association Vety steep, stony soils Highfield-Fauquier association: Deep, stony soils WELL TO EXCESSIVELY DRAINED, SHALLOW, MEDIUM TEXTURED SOILS Herks-Montevallo association: Soils on shale Hazel-Chandler association: Shallow soils on schist T.illadega association: Moderately deep soils on schist itz Teas association: Shallow, steep soils on shale Calvin- Berks- Litz-Montevallo association: Shallow soils on shale, limestone, or sandstone ^ VIRGINIA U. S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL E:XPERIMENT STATION SOIL LEGEND The hrst caDital teller is the mit.at one ot the soil name. A second caoital letlef, A, B. C, D. E. Of F. shows the slope. Symbols wilfiout a siooe lelle' afe those of nearly level sols, sucti as Huni.ngton silt loam, or of land types, such as Rocky eroded land, that have a considerable range o' slope. A frnal number, 2 0' 3, shows that the soil is eroded. BbA e>B2 B»C? B^C3 BcB2 BcC2 BCC3 BcD2 BflB BeB2 BcC? BfD2 BhB2 BhC? BkC3 BkD2 BoE3 BoF BuD? C»82 CeB2 CcC2 CcO CeD2 CcE CcF CmB2 CmC2 CmC3 CmD CmE CnB2 CnC2 CnC3 Cn02 CnF2 CoB? CoC2 CoD2 CoE3 CoF CfB ' CwA CwB2 CwC2 C.C CvE2 OoD DeE DeF DkO DhE DmA OmB2 DmC2 Drt>02 Dm03 Ashton fine sandy loam. 0 lo S percent slopes Atkins silt loam Benevola clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Benevoli clay loam, 3 to 8 prrceni slopes, moderately eroded Benevola clay loam, 8 to lb percent slopes, moderately eroded Benevola Cay loam, 6 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded Berks channery loai Berks channery loai Berks channery loai Berks channery loai Berks shsly sill loai Berks shaly Sill loai Berk-i shaly sitl loar dgei, 0 10 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded ridges. 10 to 20 pefcenl slopes, moderately eroded fidgei, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded ridges, 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded 0 10 8 percent slopes 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded 15 lo 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks sill loam, ridges. 0 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks sill loam, r.dges, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Berks sill loam, ndges. 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded Berks silt loam, ndges. 20 to 30 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Berks soils, ridges, 20 to 45 percenl slopes, severely eroded Berks soils, ridgei. 30 to 60 percent slopes Braddock and Thurmoni Braddock and Thormont Breddock and Thurmont Brinkerton sill loam, 0 Buchanan gravelly loam, Buct^anan gravelly loam Bucnanan gravelly loam gravelly loams. 3 lo S percenl slopes, moderately eroded gravelly loams, 8 to 15 percenl slopes, moderately eroded gravelly loams, 15 to 2b percent slopes o 8 percent slopes 0 lo 3 percenl slopes 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded 8 lo 15 percenl slopes, moderately eroded 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Celvin channery loam Calvin channery loam Calvin channery loam Calvin shaly loam, 0 t Celvin channery fine sandy loam, 3 lo 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channery loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channery loam, 10 to 20 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channery loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes , 20 to 30 percenl slopes, moderately eroded , 30 lo 45 percent slopes , 45 to 60 percent slopes 10 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Calvin shaly loam. 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderalefy eroded Celvin shaly loam, 10 lo 20 percenl slopes, severely eroded Calvin shaly loam, 20 to 30 percenl slopes Calvtn shaly loam. 30 lo 45 percent slopes Cfllvin-Berks channery loams, 0 lo 10 percent slopes, moderately eroded Celvin-Btrks channery loams, 10 to 20 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Calwln-Berks channery loams, 3 to 20 percenl slopes, severely eroded Calvin-Berks channery loams, 20 lo 30 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Cslvln-Berks channery loams, 30 to 60 percent slopes, moderately eroded Celvin-Monlevallo shaly loams, 0 to 10 percent Hopes, moderately eroded Calvin-Montevallo shaly loams, 10 lo 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded Calvin Montevallo shaly loams, 20 lo 30 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Calvin Montevallo shaly loams, 20 lo 45 percent slopes, severely eroded Calvin-Monlevallo shaly loams. 30 to 60 perc lery sill loam, 0 lo 10 slopes 3 to 10 percenl slopes, moderately eroded 10 to 20 peicent slopes, moderately eroded 20 10 30 percenl slopes Chandler sill Chandler sill loam and channery sill loai Chandler silt loam and channery sill loai Chandler silt loam and channery silt loai Chewads gravelly sandy loam Chewacia silt loam Chewacia stony silt loam Congaree silt loam and gravelly loam Corydon clay loam, 0 lo 3 percenl slopes Corydon clay loam, 3 lo 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Corydon clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Corydon extremely rocky clay loam. 0 lo 15 percent slopes Corydon very rocky clay loam, 3 lo 45 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Dekalb and Leelonia very stony sandy loams. 0 to 25 percent slopes Dekalb and Leotoma very stony sandy loami;, 2b to 45 percent slopes Otkalb and Leelonia very siony sandy loams, 45 to 60 percent slopes Dekalb and Lehew very stony loams, 0 lo 25 prrceni slopes Dekalb and Lehew very stony loams, 25 lo 45 percent slopes Duffield sill loam, 0 lo 3 percent slopes Dulfield sill loam, 3 lo 8 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Duffield sill loam. 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Outfield silt loam, 15 to 25 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Dulfield silt loam. 8 lo 25 percent slopes, severely eroded OuC DvC OvE2 Oy82 OyC2 Dz EdC EdD2 EdE? EdF2 EgA EfiD EgF EnB2 EhD2 EhE2 EhF Em Dulfield extremely rocky sift loam, 0 lo 15 percenl slopes Duffield very rocky sill loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes Dulfield very rocky sill loam, 8 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Ounmore che'ty Silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Dunmore cherty siH loam, 8 lo 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Dunning and Melvm silty clay loams Edgemont and Laidig channery l Edgemoni and Laidig channery i Edgemont and Laidig channery l Edgemoni and Laidig channery 1 Edgemont and Laidig very stony Edgemont and Laidig very stony Edgemont and Laidig very stony jm. 5 10 12 perc Eiiiber land. ElA EIB2 EIC2 EI02 EwA Ev^B2 EwC2 FaB FaB2 FaC2 FaE2 FrE FsA FsB2 FsC2 FIC2 FuD FuE FvC2 FvC3 FvE2 FwA FwB2 FwB3 Fv-C2 FwC3 Fw02 FwD3 FwE2 FwE3 FyB2 FvC2 FyC3 Fy02 FyD3 FyE2 HaA HaB2 HaB3 HaC2 HaC3 HaD2 MaD3 HbD2 HcD2 HdE HeA HeB2 HeC2 HeD2 HfA HfB2 Eroded I Etowah 1 Etowah graveli' Etowah graven Etowah gti ms, 0 to 12 perce ms, 5 to 20 oerce ms, 20 to 35 perc ms, 35 10 60 perc ams, 0 lo 5 oerce ams. 5 lo 35 perc ams. 35 to 60 pei It slopes, moderali ent slopes, modera ?ni slopes, modera ent slopes slopes, moderately eroded 1 slopes, moderately eroded I slopes, moderately eroded ly eroded ely eroded ely eroded cky sill I )cky s-II I and Dulfield char and Duffield chai and Duffield char and Ouff-eld char and OuMield char I loams, 0 to 3 percent ■oded !ly eroded moderately ded Frankstown Frankstown Frankstown Frankstown Frederick cl Frederick cl Frederick cl Frederick d Frederick d Frederick cherty silt loam, 25 and Dutlield c and Duflield < and Duffield < lerty silt loam, lerly silt loam, leriy Sill loam lerty sill loam slopes, n* slopes, SE 1 slopes, ( nt slopes, nt slopes. 0 to 8 perce 8 to 15 perc I 45 [ »ms. 25 10 45 pert >ms, 25 to 45 pert 1 slopes, moderatel ;ent slopes, slopes, slopes. I slopes, I slopes, iroded derately eroded erely eroded oderaiely eroded 'verely eroded oderately eroded nod. ately eroded ly eroded irately eroded ely eroded 'erely eroded derately eroded 'erely eroded 0 to 3 percent slopes 0 lo 8 percenl slopes, moderately eroded ay loam, 3 to 8 percenl slopes, severely eroded ay loam, 8 lo 15 Percent slopes, moderately eroded ay loam, 8 lo 15 percent slopes, severely eroded ay loam. 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded ay loam, 15 lo 25 percent slopes, severely eroded tiremely rocky silt loam, 0 lo 25 percenl slopes, moderately eroded (tremely rock/ silty clay loam, 0 lo 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded ilremely rocky soils, 25 to 45 percent slopes 11 loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes It loam, 0 to 8 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Hagetstown sill loarT>. 8 to 15 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Hagerslown silt loam, 15 to 25 percenl slopes, moderately eroded Hagerslown silly clay loam. 0 to 3 percent slopes Hagerslown silty clay loam, 0 to 6 percent slopes, moderately eroded Hagerslown clay Hagerslown clay Hagerslown day Hagerslown day Hagerslown clay Hagerslown Hagerslown HIC2 HfD2 HbC2 Hg£2 HhC2 HhC3 HhE2 HkF HIA HmE2 HnB2 HnC2 HnC3 HpD HpE HfA •cky Sill Hagerslown very Hagerslown very Hagerslown very Hagerslown very Hagerslown very Hagerslown very Hagerslown, Corydon. and Ouffi Hagerslown and Duffield silt loi 8 to 15 .iiercent slopes, moderately eroded 15 lo 23 percent slopes, moderately eroded :ni slopes, moderately eroded 15 ■ Hy clay loarr . 3 illy clay loarr . 3 lily clay loarr. r .. 45 to 5m 01 ) 45 Haj Highlie Highlie Highlie silt loai , 10 10 perc 0 20 J.e. 0 20 ( ei 0 30 re, 0 30 cei I loam. 30 to 45 : 15 percent slopes, modetaiely eroded 15 percent slopes, se«e'ely eroded I 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded nl slopes *y silt loams. 0 lo 3 percent slopes ent slopes, moderately eroded moderately eroded 1 slopes, severely eroded t slopes, moderately eroded ; slopes, severely eroded rately eroded eralely eroded erately eroded eily loam, 8 lo 15 perc tely eroded ately eroded irately eroded lrD3 Holslon gravelly loarr lrE2 Holslon gravelly loan IsB Holslon gravelly sane lsC2 Hotston gravelly sane lsC3 Holslon gravelly sane llA Holslon silt loam. 0 ltB2 Holslon stit loam. 3 ltC2 Holston silt loam. 8 Iv Huntington gravelly I Iw Huntington silt loam U Huntington sill loam. LaA LaB2 LaC2 La02 LbO LbE2 Lc82 LcD2 Le LoB? LoC2 LoC3 LsB Ls82 LsC2 LsC3 LsD2 L5D3 LsE2 LsE3 LsF LIB L1C2 L1C3 LlD2 LID 3 LIE2 Mg82 MgC2 MhA Laidig gravelly I Laidig gravelly I Laidig gravelly I Laidie very ston' Landisburg cher Landisburg cher Largent sill loar Leadvale gravell Leadvale gravell Lmdside sill loa Lindside silt loa Litz channery lo , local alluvium , 0 to 3 percent slopes , 3 to 8 percenl slopes, moderately eroded . 8 to IS percen' slopes, moderately eroded , 15 to 25 perceil slopes, moderately eroded , 8 lo 25 percei , 15 to 45 peic loam, 3 to 8 |ngion soar or ol land noes, such as Rocky eroded 'and. that hue a cor^S'derable ol slop* A Imal numl>er. 2 or 3. snows that the soil ts eioded. RfO? BkCJ CaB? CcB2 CcC? CcD CcD? CcE CcF CmB? CmC2 CmC3 CmD CmE CnS? CrtC? CnC3 Cn02 CnF? CdB2 CoC? CoD? CoE3 Cor CfB CrBi> CfC2 CfO Cu Cv CwA CwB2 CwC? c«c C»E2 DkO OkE DmA DmB? DmC2 OnrtD3 Bentvola clay loam, 0 to 3 cwrcani tlope* Banavota clay loam, 3 lo 8 parcani ilopat, moderately eroded Bancvota clay loam, 8 lo IS parcent itopei, moda'alaly erodtd Banevola clay loai Barks channary loa Btrhs channary loai Berht channary loa Barht channary loai Barks ihaly sill loa Berks ihaly lilt toai Barks shaly Hit loai Barks Shaly nil loam, \i lo 2b parci Berks slK loam, ndfas, 0 lo 10 parci lb parcani slopes, laoeraly eroded ridgas, 0 lo 10 percent Slopes, moderately eroded ridgai, 10 Id 20 parcani slopes, modaralaiy eroded 'idge*. 10 to 20 parcani ilopas, severely eroded ridges, 20 lo 30 percent ilopes, moderately eroded 0 to B parcani slopes 1 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded 8 lo \b percent slopes, moderately erodiid slopes, moderalely eroded slopes, moderalely eroded rant slopes, moderalely eroded slopes, severely eroded tlopei It, 3 lo 8 percent slopes, modtrataiv trodad It. B lo 15 parcani slopes, modarattly eroded It. 16 to 2!> percent slope* Barks till loam, ndget. 20 to 10 D«r Berks soils, ridges, 20 lo pnrcent Berks toils, ridgei. 30 lo 60 percent Braddock and Thurmont gravelly loar Braddorh and ThurmonI gravelly loan Braddork and ThurmonI gravelly loan Brinkorlon sill loam, 0 to 8 percent ilopas Buchanan gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent Hopes Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 lo B percent slopes, moderately eroded Buchenan gravelly loam, 8 to lb percent ilopes, moderalely eroded Buchanan gravelly toam, 15 lo 2% pa'cani slopes, modaralaly eroded Calvin chennery line sandy loam, 3 to 10 percont slopes, moderalely eroded Calvin channery loam, 3 lo 10 percont slopes, moderately eroded Calvin channary loam, 10 lo 20 percent tlopet. moderately eroded Calvin rhennary loam, 20 lo 30 parceni tlopet Calvin channeiy loam, 20 lo 30 perienl slopes, modaralely eroded Calvin channary loam, 30 lo 4^ percent tlopet Calvin channary loam, 4% lo 60 parrnnt tlopet Calvin Ihaly loam. 0 lo 10 peicani ilopat, moderelely eroded Cetvin shaly loam, 10 lo 20 perceni tlopet, moderalely eroded Calvin shaly loam, 10 lo 20 percent tlopet, leverely eroded Calvin shaly loam, 20 lo 30 percent tlopei Calvin shaly loam, 30 lo M parcani slopes Calvln-Berkt channary loams, 0 to 10 percent tlopei, moderalely erodld Calvin Berht channeiy loamt, 10 lo 20 parcani ilopei. moderalely eroded Calvln Berhi chennery toamt, 3 lo 20 paiceni etopet. severely eroded Calvin Barhi channary loami, 20 lo 30 perceni slopes, moderalely eroded Calvln'Barki channary loams. 30 lo 60 perceni tlopet. moderately eroded Calvln Monlovallo ihaly loams, 0 to 10 perceni slopei, moderalely eroded Calvln Monlevallo ihaly loami, 10 lo 20 parceni slopes, modaralaly eroded Calvin-Monlavallo shaly loams, 20 lo 30 percent ilooei. moderately eroded Celvin Monlevallo ihaly loamt, 20 lo 4*i percent slopes, severely eroded Calvln Monlevallo thaly loamt, 30 lo 60 perceni tlopet Chandler sill loam and chennery sill loam, 0 lo 10 percent slopei Chandler sill loam and channary nil loam, 3 lo 10 percent ilopai, moderalely eroded Chandler silt loam and channary sill loam. 10 lo 20 percent slopes, moderalely arodad Chandler sill loam and chennery silt loam, 20 lo 30 percent tlopet Chewacia gravelly sandy loam Chawacia lilt loam Chawaria stony nil loam Congaroo silt loam and gravelly loam Corydon clay loam, 0 lo 3 percent slopes Corydon ciny loam, 3 to B percent slopes, moderalely eroded Corydon clay loam, 8 lo lb percent slopei, moderelely eroded Corydon oilremply rorky rley loam, 0 lo \b perceni slopes Corvdon very rocky clay loam, 3 lo 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Dekalb and l eatonii Dekalb and leelonii Dekalb and Leetomi Dekalb and Lehew t slony sandy loamt. 0 lo 2b percent slopes slony sandy looms, 2b to 4b percent slopes slony sandy loams, Ab lo 60 perceni slopes pry ilony loams, 0 to 2b percent i Dehelb and Lehew very stony Ipems, 25 lo 45 percent Hop** Dulliold nil loam, 0 to 3 peiceni slopes Dufdald iill loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderalely eroded Dullleld silt loam, 8 lo 15 parcani slopes, moderately eroded Oullitid slit loam, 15 lo 25 parcani slopes, moderately eioded Dutlield nil loam, 8 to ?S percent siopei, severely eroded DuC OvC DvE? OyB2 OyC2 Ot CdC Ed02 EdE? EdF2 EhB2 Eh02 EhE2 EiA El62 EIC2 EID2 EmA E«B2 ED3 Fv>E2 FwE3 FyB2 FyC2 FyC3 FyD2 FvD3 FyE2 HaB3 H8C2 HaC3 Ha02 H8D3 HbD? HcO? HdE HeA HeB? NeC2 H*D2 HfA M(B2 Ouff-eld eilremely rocky nil loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes DuKieid very focky nit loam, 3 lo 15 percent tlooei Du»-eid very rocky sill loam, 8 to 45 oerceni slopes, moderalely eroded Ounmore cherty Silt loam, 3 10 8 percent slopes, moderelely eroded Donmpra cheMy nit '0«m, 8 to 15 perceni slopes, moderately eroded Dunning and Malvin silly day loams EdgemonI and La-dig channary lo. Edgamont and Lag channary lo. Edgemonl and Laidig cnannery lo. EdgemonI and Laidig very Slony i' Edgamont and Laidig very slony l< EdgemonI and Laidig very slony li EHiber cherty loam, 5 lo 12 c t, 0 to 12 percent stooet (. 5 to 20 percent slopes, moderalely eroded I. 20 10 35 perceni slopes, moderately eroded I. 35 to 60 percent slopes, moderately eroded IS, 0 lo 5 perceni slopes «. 5 lo 35 percent slopes IS, 35 10 60 percent Hopes slopes, moderately eroded Elliber cherty loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded EHiber cherty loam, 25 10 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded Elliber cherly loam, 45 lo 55 percent slopes Eroded land, greentione maienali Eroded land, limeslonc maienals Eroded land, sandtione and quartiite materials Eroded land, shale and sch.tl maienali Etowah gravelly loam. 0 to 3 percent slopes Elowah gravelly loam, 3 lo 8 perceni slopes, moderately eroded Elowoh gravelly loam, 8 lo 15 percent slooes. moderalely eroded Eiowah gravelly loam. 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderalely eroded Elowah till loam, 0 10 3 percent slopes Etowah Sill loam. 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderalely eroded Elowah silt loam. 8 lo 15 perceni slopes, moderalely eroded Fauquier channary loam. 0 lo 5 percent slopes Fauquier chennery loam, 5 to 10 percent slooes. moderately eroded Fauqu S'lty clay loai Hagerstown very rocky n Hagerstown very rocky si Hagerstowi Hagerslowi Hagerstown very rock' Hegersiown very rock Hagerstown, Corydon. Hagerstown and Oufli to 15 perceni slopes, moderately eroded I to 25 percent slooes. moderately eroded •n. 3 10 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded ■n, 15 lo 45 oerceni slopes, moderalely eroded .Illy Clay I. 15 lo 45 £ ended !verely eroded moderately o-oded id Dutfield very rocky siH loams. 0 to 3 percent sloors silt loams, 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately ero-lcd . 0 10 10 percent slopes, moderalely eroded I. 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded , 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded , 20 lo 30 oerceni slopes, moderately eroded , 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded . 30 to 45 oerceni slooes H.ghfield very slo Highfield very sto Holston gravelly I Holslon gravelly I Holston gravelly I Holslon gravelly ( Holstor^ gravelly I Holston gravelly I Holston gravelly • Holston gravelly ■ Holslon gravelly s I 10 C ( loam. 5 10 30 c . 8 10 25 ( lopes. ent slopes, m :ent slopes rcent slopes ercent slopes oderalely eroded moderately eroded Tioderalely eroded moderalely eroded , 25 I 45 C Hol ,ilt I Holston silt loam. Holslon silt loam, Huntington fine sa Huntington gravellt Huntington silt loa Huntington silt loa Laidig gravelly loar ^andy loam. 3 to 8 oerceni slopes sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slooes. modetale ;andy loam. 8 lo 15 percent slopes, severely ( . 0 to 3 percent slopes . 3 to 8 percent Slopes, moderately eroded , 8 lo 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded dig gri elly I. 3 to e perce 8 10 15 oerc 15 to 25 per Laidig gravelly loam, Laidig gravelly loam, Laidig very stony loai Laidig very stony loai Landisburg cherty sil Landisburg cherty sil Largeni sill loam Leadvale gravelly silt loam, 0 Leadvale gravelly siit loam, 3 . 3 ilopes, moderately eroded slopes, moderately eroded ercent slooes. moderately eroded 1 percent sloprs, moderalely eroded I 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded I 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded 'rcent slopes, moderalely eroded lerceni slopes, moderalely eroded letcent slopes, severely eroded i%. moderately eroded 1 20 percent slopes. Lili-Teas chai lery sill I moderalely eroded , moderalely eroded , moderalely eroded Melvin sill loam Monongahela gravelly loam. 3 lo 8 percent slopes, moder Monongahels gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, mode Monongahela siU loam. 0 to 3 percent slopes MhB2 MhC2 Mh02 MmB2 MmC2 MmC3 MmD2 MmD3 MoA MoB2 MoC2 MoD2 MoD3 MoE2 MrB MrC2 MrC3 Mr02 MrD3 MsA MsB2 MsC2 MvA MvB2 MvC2 MvD2 MvE2 MwB3 Mw03 MnA M)iB2 M»C2 MyE2 MyF2 Monongaheli Monongahel. Monongahela silt loa Montevalio shaiy loai Monlevallo Shaly loai Monteva Monieva TaC2 TaC3 TaD TaE2 TrC2 TyB Wa WbA WbB? WbC? WbC3 Wb02 WbD3 WbE2 WgB WgC2 WgC3 WgD2 Wh WmB2 WmC2 WmC3 WmD2 Wm03 Mur'ill gravelly loai Murrill gravelly loai Murrill gravelly loai Murrill gravelly loai Murrill gravelly loam. 25 Murrill gravelly sandy loar Murrill gravelly sandy loai Murrill gravelly sandy loai Murrill gravelly sandy loai Murrill gravelly sandy loai Mui lit 1. ham Murrill nil loarr Murrill silt loam Myersville chani Myersvilti Myersvilli Myersvilli MyersviMi Myersville ch, Myersville ch Myei lit loam, 3 10 8 percent slopes, moderately aroded ill loam. 8 lo 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded ill loam 15 to 25 perceni slooes, moderately eroded , 0 to 10 percent Slopes, moderately eroded I. 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderately eroded I, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely erodtd . 20 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded I, 20 to 30 perceni slopes, severely eroded 0 10 3 percent slopes 0 lo 8 oerceni slopes, moderately eroded 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderalely eroded 8 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderately eroded 0 to 8 percent slopes 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded 8 to 15 percent slopes, severely eroded 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderalely eroded indy loam. 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded 0 to 3 percent slopes 0 lo 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded 8 to 15 oerceni slopes, moderately eroded ry loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes inery loam y loam 10 10 20 mery ry loam, 20 to 30 perce ry loam. 30 to 45 perce (v nit loam. 3 lo 10 P«i It loam, 10 to 30 p 10 percent slooes. moderately eroded slopes, moderately eroded slooes. moderately eroded slopes, moderately eroded nt slopes, severely eroded ent slopes, severely eroded Myersville Myeisvilie Myersville very stony loai Philo gravelly sandy loan Philo silt loam Pope line sandy loam Pope gravelly loam Pope gravelly sandy loin Pope silt loam Pope stony gravelly loam Stony rolling land Stony steep land Talladega gravelly sill loam Talladega gravelly silt loam Talladega gravelly silt loam Talladega gravelly silt loam ThurmonI gravelly loam. 3 ThurmonI gravelly loam, 8 Trego gravelly silt loam. 0 Trego gravelly , 0 to 3 percent slopes , 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderalely eroded . 10 to 20 oerceni slopes, moderately eroded ml slopes, moderalely ianl. 0 to 20 percent slopes, moderalely arodad iani, 10 to 20 percent slopes, severely eroded lanl. 20 to 30 percent slopes lanl. 20 (0 45 percent slopes iod«ralely eroded . 3 to 8 percent slopes, moderelely eroded , 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded , 0 to 3 oerceni slopes , 3 to 15 percent slopes, moderalely eroded Tyler nit loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes m. 0 I Waynesborc Waynesboro Waynesboro Wayr Iborc cent slopes . 0 to 3 perce , 0 to 8 perc« , 8 lo 15 pert , 3 to 15 oerc n slopes M slopes, moderalely eroded tnt slopes, moderalely eroded int slopes, severely eroded , 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded , 15 lo 25 percent slopes, severuly eroded . 25 to 45 percent slopes, moderalely eroded y loam. 0 lo 8 percent slooes / loam. 3 to 15 percent slooes. moderately eroded y loam. 8 to 15 perceni slopes, severely eroded / loam, 15 lo 25 perceni slopes, moderately eroded Waynesboro gravelly I Waynesboro gravelly I Waynesboro gravelly I Waynesboro gravelly ; Waynesboro gravelly s Waynesboro gravelly j Waynesboro gravelly ! Wehadkee sill loam Westmoreland channery silt loam, 3 to 10 percent slopes, moderalely eroded Westmoreland channery sill loam, 10 to 20 percent slopes, moderalely eroded Westmoreland channery silt loam. 3 to 20 percent slooas, severely eroded Wesimoreland channery nil loam, 20 to 30 perceni slooes. moderately eroded Westmoreland channery nit loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes, severely eroded Soil map constructed 1961 by Cartographic Division, Soil Conservation Service, USDA. Irom 195? aenal photographs, ControHad mosaic based on Maryland olane coordinate sytlam, Lambert conformal conic projection. 1927 North American datum. I \ i Growth Through Agricultural Progress GENERAL BOOKBINDING CO 01 . n 2.V